Commit: 56d097a21000ccfda1d87be23b44987264067893 Author: Vi Grey Date: 2024-06-29 23:39 UTC Summary: Initial Commit .gitignore | 2 + CHANGELOG.txt | 8 + Makefile | 37 + go.mod | 3 + src/extra-2024-2028/E5-1.png | Bin 0 -> 24599 bytes src/extra-2024-2028/E6-1.png | Bin 0 -> 19368 bytes src/extra-2024-2028/E6-2.png | Bin 0 -> 15325 bytes src/extra-2024-2028/E6-3.png | Bin 0 -> 12876 bytes src/extra-2024-2028/E7-1.png | Bin 0 -> 15325 bytes src/extra-2024-2028/E7-2.png | Bin 0 -> 23762 bytes src/extra-2024-2028/E7-3.png | Bin 0 -> 14002 bytes src/extra-2024-2028/E9-1.png | Bin 0 -> 36062 bytes src/extra-2024-2028/question-pool.json | 6361 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ src/flags.go | 98 ++ src/general-2023-2027/G7-1.png | Bin 0 -> 13256 bytes src/general-2023-2027/question-pool.json | 4501 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ src/ham-test-practice-fcc.go | 53 + src/json.go | 36 + src/pool.go | 175 +++ src/technician-2022-2026/T-1.png | Bin 0 -> 11110 bytes src/technician-2022-2026/T-2.png | Bin 0 -> 10522 bytes src/technician-2022-2026/T-3.png | Bin 0 -> 7959 bytes src/technician-2022-2026/question-pool.json | 4351 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23 files changed, 15625 insertions(+) diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..52a8ad7 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +tools +build diff --git a/CHANGELOG.txt b/CHANGELOG.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1598a35 --- /dev/null +++ b/CHANGELOG.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Change Log +All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. + + +## [0.0.1] - 2024-06-29 + +### Added +- Initial release diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eee9aab --- /dev/null +++ b/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +# Copyright (C) 2024, Vi Grey +# All rights reserved. +# +# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +# are met: +# +# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +# +# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +# SUCH DAMAGE. + +PKG_NAME := ham-test-practice-fcc +CURRENTDIR := $(dir $(realpath $(firstword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))) + +all: + mkdir -p $(CURRENTDIR)build/bin; \ + cd $(CURRENTDIR)src; \ + go build -ldflags="-s -w" -o $(CURRENTDIR)build/bin/$(PKG_NAME); \ + cd $(CURRENTDIR); \ + #upx --brute $(CURRENTDIR)build/bin/$(PKG_NAME); \ + +clean: + rm -rf -- $(CURRENTDIR)build; \ diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c413a0a --- /dev/null +++ b/go.mod @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +module ham-test-practice-fcc + +go 1.22.0 diff --git a/src/extra-2024-2028/E5-1.png b/src/extra-2024-2028/E5-1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01aa46b Binary files /dev/null and b/src/extra-2024-2028/E5-1.png differ diff --git a/src/extra-2024-2028/E6-1.png b/src/extra-2024-2028/E6-1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15dc2c9 Binary files /dev/null and b/src/extra-2024-2028/E6-1.png differ diff --git a/src/extra-2024-2028/E6-2.png b/src/extra-2024-2028/E6-2.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69a3250 Binary files /dev/null and b/src/extra-2024-2028/E6-2.png differ diff --git a/src/extra-2024-2028/E6-3.png b/src/extra-2024-2028/E6-3.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c5403c Binary files /dev/null and b/src/extra-2024-2028/E6-3.png differ diff --git a/src/extra-2024-2028/E7-1.png b/src/extra-2024-2028/E7-1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..124b42a Binary files /dev/null and b/src/extra-2024-2028/E7-1.png differ diff --git a/src/extra-2024-2028/E7-2.png b/src/extra-2024-2028/E7-2.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c73c5b Binary files /dev/null and b/src/extra-2024-2028/E7-2.png differ diff --git a/src/extra-2024-2028/E7-3.png b/src/extra-2024-2028/E7-3.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa5ae40 Binary files /dev/null and b/src/extra-2024-2028/E7-3.png differ diff --git a/src/extra-2024-2028/E9-1.png b/src/extra-2024-2028/E9-1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..752eaf2 Binary files /dev/null and b/src/extra-2024-2028/E9-1.png differ diff --git a/src/extra-2024-2028/question-pool.json b/src/extra-2024-2028/question-pool.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4dc0a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/extra-2024-2028/question-pool.json @@ -0,0 +1,6361 @@ +{ + "subelements": [ + { + "subelement": 1, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Why is it not legal to transmit a 3 kHz bandwidth USB signal with a carrier frequency of 14.348 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "USB is not used on 20-meter phone", + "The lower 1 kHz of the signal is outside the 20-meter band", + "14.348 MHz is outside the 20-meter band", + "The upper 1 kHz of the signal is outside the 20-meter band" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "When using a transceiver that displays the carrier frequency of phone signals, which of the following displayed frequencies represents the lowest frequency at which a properly adjusted LSB emission will be totally within the band?", + "answers": [ + "The exact lower band edge", + "300 Hz above the lower band edge", + "1 kHz above the lower band edge", + "3 kHz above the lower band edge" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the highest legal carrier frequency on the 20-meter band for transmitting a 2.8 kHz wide USB data signal?", + "answers": [ + "14.0708 MHz", + "14.1002 MHz", + "14.1472 MHz", + "14.3490 MHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "May an Extra class operator answer the CQ of a station on 3.601 MHz LSB phone?", + "answers": [ + "Yes, the entire signal will be inside the SSB allocation for Extra class operators", + "Yes, the displayed frequency is within the 75-meter phone band segment", + "No, the sideband components will extend beyond the edge of the phone band segment", + "No, US stations are not permitted to use phone emissions below 3.610 MHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Who must be in physical control of the station apparatus of an amateur station aboard any vessel or craft that is documented or registered in the United States?", + "answers": [ + "Only a person with an FCC Marine Radio license grant", + "Only a person named in an amateur station license grant", + "Any person holding an FCC issued amateur license or who is authorized for alien reciprocal operation", + "Any person named in an amateur station license grant or a person holding an unrestricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the required transmit frequency of a CW signal for channelized 60 meter operation?", + "answers": [ + "At the lowest frequency of the channel", + "At the center frequency of the channel", + "At the highest frequency of the channel", + "On any frequency where the signal’s sidebands are within the channel" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum power permitted on the 2200-meter band?", + "answers": [ + "50 watts PEP (peak envelope power)", + "100 watts PEP (peak envelope power)", + "1 watt EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power)", + "5 watts EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power)" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "If a station in a message forwarding system inadvertently forwards a message that is in violation of FCC rules, who is primarily accountable for the rules violation?", + "answers": [ + "The control operator of the packet bulletin board station", + "The control operator of the originating station", + "The control operators of all the stations in the system", + "The control operators of all the stations in the system not authenticating the source from which they accept communications" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Except in some parts of Alaska, what is the maximum power permitted on the 630-meter band?", + "answers": [ + "50 watts PEP (peak envelope power)", + "100 watts PEP (peak envelope power)", + "1 watt EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power)", + "5 watts EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power)" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "If an amateur station is installed aboard a ship or aircraft, what condition must be met before the station is operated?", + "answers": [ + "Its operation must be approved by the master of the ship or the pilot in command of the aircraft", + "The amateur station operator must agree not to transmit when the main radio of the ship or aircraft is in use", + "The amateur station must have a power supply that is completely independent of the main ship or aircraft power supply", + "The amateur station must operate only in specific segments of the amateur service HF and VHF bands" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What licensing is required when operating an amateur station aboard a US-registered vessel in international waters?", + "answers": [ + "Any amateur license with an FCC Marine or Aircraft endorsement", + "Any FCC-issued amateur license", + "Only General class or higher amateur licenses", + "An unrestricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following constitutes a spurious emission?", + "answers": [ + "An amateur station transmission made without the proper call sign identification", + "A signal transmitted to prevent its detection by any station other than the intended recipient", + "Any transmitted signal that unintentionally interferes with another licensed radio station and whose levels exceed 40 dB below the fundamental power level", + "An emission outside the signal’s necessary bandwidth that can be reduced or eliminated without affecting the information transmitted" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an acceptable bandwidth for digital voice or slow-scan TV transmissions made on the HF amateur bands?", + "answers": [ + "3 kHz", + "10 kHz", + "15 kHz", + "20 kHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Within what distance must an amateur station protect an FCC monitoring facility from harmful interference?", + "answers": [ + "1 mile", + "3 miles", + "10 miles", + "30 miles" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What must the control operator of a repeater operating in the 70-centimeter band do if a radiolocation system experiences interference from that repeater?", + "answers": [ + "Reduce the repeater antenna HAAT (Height Above Average Terrain)", + "File an FAA NOTAM (Notice to Air Missions) with the repeater system's ERP, call sign, and six-character grid locator", + "Cease operation or make changes to the repeater that mitigate the interference", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the National Radio Quiet Zone?", + "answers": [ + "An area surrounding the FCC monitoring station in Laurel, Maryland", + "An area in New Mexico surrounding the White Sands Test Area", + "An area surrounding the National Radio Astronomy Observatory", + "An area in Florida surrounding Cape Canaveral" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following additional rules apply if you are erecting an amateur station antenna structure at a site at or near a public use airport?", + "answers": [ + "You may have to notify the Federal Aviation Administration and register it with the FCC as required by Part 17 of the FCC rules", + "You may have to enter the height above ground in meters, and the latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds on the FAA website", + "You must file an Environmental Impact Statement with the EPA before construction begins", + "You must obtain a construction permit from the airport zoning authority per Part 119 of the FAA regulations" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "To what type of regulations does PRB-1 apply?", + "answers": [ + "Homeowners associations", + "FAA tower height limits", + "State and local zoning", + "Use of wireless devices in vehicles" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What limitations may the FCC place on an amateur station if its signal causes interference to domestic broadcast reception, assuming that the receivers involved are of good engineering design?", + "answers": [ + "The amateur station must cease operation", + "The amateur station must cease operation on all frequencies below 30 MHz", + "The amateur station must cease operation on all frequencies above 30 MHz", + "The amateur station must avoid transmitting during certain hours on frequencies that cause the interference" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which amateur stations may be operated under RACES rules?", + "answers": [ + "Only those club stations licensed to Amateur Extra class operators", + "Any FCC-licensed amateur station except a Technician class", + "Any FCC-licensed amateur station certified by the responsible civil defense organization for the area served", + "Only stations meeting the FCC Part 97 technical standards for operation during an emergency" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What frequencies are authorized to an amateur station operating under RACES rules?", + "answers": [ + "All amateur service frequencies authorized to the control operator", + "Specific segments in the amateur service MF, HF, VHF, and UHF bands", + "Specific local government channels", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What does PRB-1 require of state and local regulations affecting amateur radio antenna size and structures?", + "answers": [ + "No limitations may be placed on antenna size or placement", + "Reasonable accommodations of amateur radio must be made", + "Such structures must be permitted when use for emergency communications can be demonstrated", + "Such structures must be permitted if certified by a registered professional engineer" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the maximum bandwidth for a data emission on 60 meters?", + "answers": [ + "60 Hz", + "170 Hz", + "1.5 kHz", + "2.8 kHz" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following apply to communications transmitted to amateur stations in foreign countries?", + "answers": [ + "Third party traffic must be limited to that intended for the exclusive use of government and non-Government Organization (NGOs) involved in emergency relief activities", + "All transmissions must be in English", + "Communications must be limited to those incidental to the purpose of the amateur service and remarks of a personal nature", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How long must an operator wait after filing a notification with the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) before operating on the 2200-meter or 630-meter band?", + "answers": [ + "Operators must not operate until approval is received", + "Operators may operate after 30 days, providing they have not been told that their station is within 1 kilometer of PLC systems using those frequencies", + "Operators may not operate until a test signal has been transmitted in coordination with the local power company", + "Operations may commence immediately, and may continue unless interference is reported by the UTC" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is an IARP?", + "answers": [ + "A permit that allows US amateurs to operate in certain countries of the Americas", + "The internal amateur radio practices policy of the FCC", + "An indication of increased antenna reflected power", + "A forecast of intermittent aurora radio propagation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Under what situation may a station transmit third party communications while being automatically controlled?", + "answers": [ + "Never", + "Only when transmitting RTTY or data emissions", + "Only when transmitting SSB or CW", + "On any mode approved by the National Telecommunication and Information Administration" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is required in order to operate in accordance with CEPT rules in foreign countries where permitted?", + "answers": [ + "You must identify in the official language of the country in which you are operating", + "The US embassy must approve of your operation", + "You must have a copy of FCC Public Notice DA 16-1048", + "You must append \"/CEPT\" to your call sign" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What notifications must be given before transmitting on the 630- or 2200-meter bands?", + "answers": [ + "A special endorsement must be requested from the FCC", + "An environmental impact statement must be filed with the Department of the Interior", + "Operators must inform the FAA of their intent to operate, giving their call sign and distance to the nearest runway", + "Operators must inform the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) of their call sign and coordinates of the station" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum permissible duration of a remotely controlled station’s transmissions if its control link malfunctions?", + "answers": [ + "30 seconds", + "3 minutes", + "5 minutes", + "10 minutes" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the highest modulation index permitted at the highest modulation frequency for angle modulation below 29.0 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "0.5", + "1.0", + "2.0", + "3.0" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum mean power level for a spurious emission below 30 MHz with respect to the fundamental emission?", + "answers": [ + "- 43 dB", + "- 53 dB", + "- 63 dB", + "- 73 dB" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following operating arrangements allows an FCC-licensed US citizen to operate in many European countries, and amateurs from many European countries to operate in the US?", + "answers": [ + "CEPT", + "IARP", + "ITU reciprocal license", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "In what portion of the 630-meter band are phone emissions permitted?", + "answers": [ + "None", + "Only the top 3 kHz", + "Only the bottom 3 kHz", + "The entire band" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the definition of telemetry?", + "answers": [ + "One-way transmission of measurements at a distance from the measuring instrument", + "Two-way transmissions in excess of 1000 feet", + "Two-way transmissions of data", + "One-way transmission that initiates, modifies, or terminates the functions of a device at a distance" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following may transmit encrypted messages?", + "answers": [ + "Telecommand signals to terrestrial repeaters", + "Telecommand signals from a space telecommand station", + "Auxiliary relay links carrying repeater audio", + "Mesh network backbone nodes" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is a space telecommand station?", + "answers": [ + "An amateur station located on the surface of the Earth for communication with other Earth stations by means of Earth satellites", + "An amateur station that transmits communications to initiate, modify, or terminate functions of a space station", + "An amateur station located in a satellite or a balloon more than 50 kilometers above the surface of the Earth", + "An amateur station that receives telemetry from a satellite or balloon more than 50 kilometers above the surface of the Earth" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is required in the identification transmissions from a balloon-borne telemetry station?", + "answers": [ + "Call sign", + "The output power of the balloon transmitter", + "The station's six-character Maidenhead grid locator", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What must be posted at the location of a station being operated by telecommand on or within 50 kilometers of the Earth’s surface?", + "answers": [ + "A photocopy of the station license", + "A label with the name, address, and telephone number of the station licensee", + "A label with the name, address, and telephone number of the control operator", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum permitted transmitter output power when operating a model craft by telecommand?", + "answers": [ + "1 watt", + "2 watts", + "5 watts", + "100 watts" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which group of HF amateur bands include allocations for space stations?", + "answers": [ + "40 meters, 20 meters, 15 meters, and 10 meters", + "30 meters, 17 meters, and 10 meters", + "Only 10 meters", + "Satellite operation is permitted on all HF bands" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which VHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations?", + "answers": [ + "6 meters and 2 meters", + "6 meters, 2 meters, and 1.25 meters", + "2 meters and 1.25 meters", + "2 meters" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which UHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations?", + "answers": [ + "70 centimeters only", + "70 centimeters and 13 centimeters", + "70 centimeters and 33 centimeters", + "33 centimeters and 13 centimeters" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which amateur stations are eligible to be telecommand stations of space stations, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator of the station?", + "answers": [ + "Any amateur station approved by AMSAT", + "Any amateur station so designated by the space station licensee", + "Any amateur station so designated by the ITU", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which amateur stations are eligible to operate as Earth stations?", + "answers": [ + "Any amateur licensee who has successfully completed the AMSAT space communications course", + "Only those of General, Advanced or Amateur Extra class operators", + "Only those of Amateur Extra class operators", + "Any amateur station, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following amateur stations may transmit one-way communications?", + "answers": [ + "A space station, beacon station, or telecommand station", + "A local repeater or linked repeater station", + "A message forwarding station or automatically controlled digital station", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "E", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "For which types of out-of-pocket expenses do the Part 97 rules state that VEs and VECs may be reimbursed?", + "answers": [ + "Preparing, processing, administering, and coordinating an examination for an amateur radio operator license", + "Teaching an amateur operator license examination preparation course", + "No expenses are authorized for reimbursement", + "Providing amateur operator license examination preparation training materials" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Who is tasked by Part 97 with maintaining the pools of questions for all US amateur license examinations?", + "answers": [ + "The VEs", + "The FCC", + "The VECs", + "The ARRL" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a Volunteer Examiner Coordinator?", + "answers": [ + "A person who has volunteered to administer amateur operator license examinations", + "An organization paid by the volunteer examiner team to publicize and schedule examinations", + "An organization that has entered into an agreement with the FCC to coordinate, prepare, and administer amateur operator license examinations", + "The person who has entered into an agreement with the FCC to be the VE session manager" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is required to be accredited as a Volunteer Examiner?", + "answers": [ + "Each General, Advanced and Amateur Extra class operator is automatically accredited as a VE when the license is granted", + "The amateur operator applying must pass a VE examination administered by the FCC Enforcement Bureau", + "The prospective VE must obtain accreditation from the FCC", + "A VEC must confirm that the VE applicant meets FCC requirements to serve as an examiner" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What must the VE team do with the application form if the examinee does not pass the exam?", + "answers": [ + "Maintain the application form with the VEC’s records", + "Return the application document to the examinee", + "Send the application form to the FCC and inform the FCC of the grade", + "Destroy the application form" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Who is responsible for the proper conduct and necessary supervision during an amateur operator license examination session?", + "answers": [ + "The VEC coordinating the session", + "The designated monitoring VE", + "Each administering VE", + "Only the VE session manager" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What should a VE do if a candidate fails to comply with the examiner’s instructions during an amateur operator license examination?", + "answers": [ + "Warn the candidate that continued failure to comply will result in termination of the examination", + "Immediately terminate the candidate’s examination", + "Allow the candidate to complete the examination, but invalidate the results", + "Immediately terminate everyone’s examination and close the session" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "To which of the following examinees may a VE not administer an examination?", + "answers": [ + "Employees of the VE", + "Friends of the VE", + "Relatives of the VE as listed in the FCC rules", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What may be the penalty for a VE who fraudulently administers or certifies an examination?", + "answers": [ + "Revocation of the VE’s amateur station license grant and the suspension of the VE’s amateur operator license grant", + "A fine of up to $1,000 per occurrence", + "A sentence of up to one year in prison", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What must the administering VEs do after the administration of a successful examination for an amateur operator license?", + "answers": [ + "They must collect and send the documents directly to the FCC", + "They must collect and submit the documents to the coordinating VEC for grading", + "They must submit the application document to the coordinating VEC according to the coordinating VEC instructions", + "They must return the documents to the applicant for submission to the FCC according to the FCC instructions" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What must the VE team do if an examinee scores a passing grade on all examination elements needed for an upgrade or new license?", + "answers": [ + "Photocopy all examination documents and forward them to the FCC for processing", + "Three VEs must certify that the examinee is qualified for the license grant and that they have complied with the administering VE requirements", + "Issue the examinee the new or upgrade license", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "F", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "On what frequencies are spread spectrum transmissions permitted?", + "answers": [ + "Only on amateur frequencies above 50 MHz", + "Only on amateur frequencies above 222 MHz", + "Only on amateur frequencies above 420 MHz", + "Only on amateur frequencies above 144 MHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What privileges are authorized in the US to persons holding an amateur service license granted by the government of Canada?", + "answers": [ + "None, they must obtain a US license", + "Full privileges of the General class license on the 80-, 40-, 20-, 15-, and 10-meter bands", + "The operating terms and conditions of the Canadian amateur service license, not to exceed US Amateur Extra class license privileges", + "Full privileges, up to and including those of the Amateur Extra class license, on the 80-, 40-, 20-, 15-, and 10-meter bands" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Under what circumstances may a dealer sell an external RF power amplifier capable of operation below 144 MHz if it has not been granted FCC certification?", + "answers": [ + "Gain is less than 23 dB when driven by power of 10 watts or less", + "The equipment dealer assembled it from a kit", + "It was manufactured and certificated in a country which has a reciprocal certification agreement with the FCC", + "It was purchased in used condition from an amateur operator and is sold to another amateur operator for use at that operator’s station" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following geographic descriptions approximately describes \"Line A\"?", + "answers": [ + "A line roughly parallel to and south of the border between the US and Canada", + "A line roughly parallel to and west of the US Atlantic coastline", + "A line roughly parallel to and north of the border between the US and Mexico", + "A line roughly parallel to and east of the US Pacific coastline" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Amateur stations may not transmit in which of the following frequency segments if they are located in the contiguous 48 states and north of Line A?", + "answers": [ + "440 MHz - 450 MHz", + "53 MHz - 54 MHz", + "222 MHz - 223 MHz", + "420 MHz - 430 MHz" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Under what circumstances might the FCC issue a Special Temporary Authority (STA) to an amateur station?", + "answers": [ + "To provide for experimental amateur communications", + "To allow use of a special event call sign", + "To allow a VE group with less than three VEs to administer examinations in a remote, sparsely populated area", + "To allow a licensee who has passed an upgrade exam to operate with upgraded privileges while waiting for posting on the FCC database" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "When may an amateur station send a message to a business?", + "answers": [ + "When the pecuniary interest of the amateur or his or her employer is less than $25", + "When the pecuniary interest of the amateur or his or her employer is less than $50", + "At no time", + "When neither the amateur nor their employer has a pecuniary interest in the communications" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of amateur station communications are prohibited?", + "answers": [ + "Communications transmitted for hire or material compensation, except as otherwise provided in the rules", + "Communications that have political content, except as allowed by the Fairness Doctrine", + "Communications that have religious content", + "Communications in a language other than English" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following cannot be transmitted over an amateur radio mesh network?", + "answers": [ + "Third party traffic", + "Email", + "Messages encoded to obscure their meaning", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Who may be the control operator of an auxiliary station?", + "answers": [ + "Any licensed amateur operator", + "Only Technician, General, Advanced, or Amateur Extra class operators", + "Only General, Advanced, or Amateur Extra class operators", + "Only Amateur Extra class operators" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes one of the standards that must be met by an external RF power amplifier if it is to qualify for a grant of FCC certification?", + "answers": [ + "It must produce full legal output when driven by not more than 5 watts of mean RF input power", + "It must have received an Underwriters Laboratory certification for electrical safety as well as having met IEEE standard 14.101(B)", + "It must exhibit a gain of less than 23 dB when driven by 10 watts or less", + "It must satisfy the FCC’s spurious emission standards when operated at the lesser of 1500 watts or its full output power" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 2, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the direction of an ascending pass for an amateur satellite?", + "answers": [ + "From west to east", + "From east to west", + "From south to north", + "From north to south" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is characteristic of an inverting linear transponder?", + "answers": [ + "Doppler shift is reduced because the uplink and downlink shifts are in opposite directions", + "Signal position in the band is reversed", + "Upper sideband on the uplink becomes lower sideband on the downlink, and vice versa", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How is an upload signal processed by an inverting linear transponder?", + "answers": [ + "The signal is detected and remodulated on the reverse sideband", + "The signal is passed through a nonlinear filter", + "The signal is reduced to I and Q components, and the Q component is filtered out", + "The signal is mixed with a local oscillator signal and the difference product is transmitted" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by the “mode” of an amateur radio satellite?", + "answers": [ + "Whether the satellite is in a low earth or geostationary orbit", + "The satellite’s uplink and downlink frequency bands", + "The satellite’s orientation with respect to the Earth", + "Whether the satellite is in a polar or equatorial orbit" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What do the letters in a satellite’s mode designator specify?", + "answers": [ + "Power limits for uplink and downlink transmissions", + "The location of the ground control station", + "The polarization of uplink and downlink signals", + "The uplink and downlink frequency ranges" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What are Keplerian elements?", + "answers": [ + "Parameters that define the orbit of a satellite", + "Phase reversing elements in a Yagi antenna", + "High-emission heater filaments used in magnetron tubes", + "Encrypting codes used for spread spectrum modulation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of signals can be relayed through a linear transponder?", + "answers": [ + "FM and CW", + "SSB and SSTV", + "PSK and packet", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why should effective radiated power (ERP) be limited to a satellite that uses a linear transponder?", + "answers": [ + "To prevent creating errors in the satellite telemetry", + "To avoid reducing the downlink power to all other users", + "To prevent the satellite from emitting out-of-band signals", + "To avoid interfering with terrestrial QSOs" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What do the terms “L band” and “S band” specify?", + "answers": [ + "The 23- and 13-centimeter bands", + "The 2-meter and 70-centimeter bands", + "FM and digital store-and-forward systems", + "Which sideband to use" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What type of satellite appears to stay in one position in the sky?", + "answers": [ + "HEO", + "Geostationary", + "Geomagnetic", + "LEO" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What type of antenna can be used to minimize the effects of spin modulation and Faraday rotation?", + "answers": [ + "A linearly polarized antenna", + "A circularly polarized antenna", + "An isotropic antenna", + "A log-periodic dipole array" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of digital store-and-forward functions on an amateur radio satellite?", + "answers": [ + "To upload operational software for the transponder", + "To delay download of telemetry between satellites", + "To hold digital messages in the satellite for later download", + "To relay messages between satellites" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following techniques is used by digital satellites to relay messages?", + "answers": [ + "Digipeating", + "Store-and-forward", + "Multisatellite relaying", + "Node hopping" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "In digital television, what does a coding rate of 3/4 mean?", + "answers": [ + "25% of the data sent is forward error correction data", + "Data compression reduces data rate by 3/4", + "1/4 of the time interval is used as a guard interval", + "Three, four-bit words are used to transmit each pixel" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How many horizontal lines make up a fast-scan (NTSC) television frame?", + "answers": [ + "30", + "60", + "525", + "1080" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How is an interlaced scanning pattern generated in a fast-scan (NTSC) television system?", + "answers": [ + "By scanning two fields simultaneously", + "By scanning each field from bottom-to-top", + "By scanning lines from left-to-right in one field and right-to-left in the next", + "By scanning odd-numbered lines in one field and even-numbered lines in the next" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How is color information sent in analog SSTV?", + "answers": [ + "Color lines are sent sequentially", + "Color information is sent on a 2.8 kHz subcarrier", + "Color is sent in a color burst at the end of each line", + "Color is amplitude modulated on the frequency modulated intensity signal" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the use of vestigial sideband in analog fast-scan TV transmissions?", + "answers": [ + "The vestigial sideband carries the audio information", + "The vestigial sideband contains chroma information", + "Vestigial sideband reduces the bandwidth while increasing the fidelity of low frequency video components", + "Vestigial sideband provides high frequency emphasis to sharpen the picture" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is vestigial sideband modulation?", + "answers": [ + "Amplitude modulation in which one complete sideband and a portion of the other are transmitted", + "A type of modulation in which one sideband is inverted", + "Narrow-band FM modulation achieved by filtering one sideband from the audio before frequency modulating the carrier", + "Spread spectrum modulation achieved by applying FM modulation following single sideband amplitude modulation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which types of modulation are used for amateur television DVB-T signals?", + "answers": [ + "FM and FSK", + "QAM and QPSK", + "AM and OOK", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What technique allows commercial analog TV receivers to be used for fast-scan TV operations on the 70-centimeter band?", + "answers": [ + "Transmitting on channels shared with cable TV", + "Using converted satellite TV dishes", + "Transmitting on the abandoned TV channel 2", + "Using USB and demodulating the signal with a computer sound card" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What kind of receiver can be used to receive and decode SSTV using the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) protocol?", + "answers": [ + "CDMA", + "AREDN", + "AM", + "SSB" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What aspect of an analog slow-scan television signal encodes the brightness of the picture?", + "answers": [ + "Tone frequency", + "Tone amplitude", + "Sync amplitude", + "Sync frequency" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of the vertical interval signaling (VIS) code sent as part of an SSTV transmission?", + "answers": [ + "To lock the color burst oscillator in color SSTV images", + "To identify the SSTV mode being used", + "To provide vertical synchronization", + "To identify the call sign of the station transmitting" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What signals SSTV receiving software to begin a new picture line?", + "answers": [ + "Specific tone frequencies", + "Elapsed time", + "Specific tone amplitudes", + "A two-tone signal" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What indicator is required to be used by US-licensed operators when operating a station via remote control and the remote transmitter is located in the US?", + "answers": [ + "/ followed by the USPS two-letter abbreviation for the state in which the remote station is located", + "/R# where # is the district of the remote station", + "/ followed by the ARRL Section of the remote station", + "No additional indicator is required" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following file formats is used for exchanging amateur radio log data?", + "answers": [ + "NEC", + "ARLD", + "ADIF", + "OCF" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "From which of the following bands is amateur radio contesting generally excluded?", + "answers": [ + "30 meters", + "6 meters", + "70 centimeters", + "33 centimeters" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following frequencies can be used for amateur radio mesh networks?", + "answers": [ + "HF frequencies where digital communications are permitted", + "Frequencies shared with various unlicensed wireless data services", + "Cable TV channels 41-43", + "The 60-meter band channel centered on 5373 kHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of a DX QSL Manager?", + "answers": [ + "Allocate frequencies for DXpeditions", + "Handle the receiving and sending of confirmations for a DX station", + "Run a net to allow many stations to contact a rare DX station", + "Communicate to a DXpedition about propagation, band openings, pileup conditions, etc." + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "During a VHF/UHF contest, in which band segment would you expect to find the highest level of SSB or CW activity?", + "answers": [ + "At the top of each band, usually in a segment reserved for contests", + "In the middle of each band, usually on the national calling frequency", + "In the weak signal segment of the band, with most of the activity near the calling frequency", + "In the middle of the band, usually 25 kHz above the national calling frequency" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the Cabrillo format?", + "answers": [ + "A standard for submission of electronic contest logs", + "A method of exchanging information during a contest QSO", + "The most common set of contest rules", + "A digital protocol specifically designed for rapid contest exchanges" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following contacts may be confirmed through the Logbook of The World (LoTW)?", + "answers": [ + "Special event contacts between stations in the US", + "Contacts between a US station and a non-US station", + "Contacts for Worked All States credit", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What type of equipment is commonly used to implement an amateur radio mesh network?", + "answers": [ + "A 2-meter VHF transceiver with a 1,200-baud modem", + "A computer running EchoLink to provide interface from the radio to the internet", + "A wireless router running custom firmware", + "A 440 MHz transceiver with a 9,600-baud modem" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why do DX stations often transmit and receive on different frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "Because the DX station may be transmitting on a frequency that is prohibited to some responding stations", + "To separate the calling stations from the DX station", + "To improve operating efficiency by reducing interference", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How should you generally identify your station when attempting to contact a DX station during a contest or in a pileup?", + "answers": [ + "Send your full call sign once or twice", + "Send only the last two letters of your call sign until you make contact", + "Send your full call sign and grid square", + "Send the call sign of the DX station three times, the words “this is,” then your call sign three times" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What indicates the delay between a control operator action and the corresponding change in the transmitted signal?", + "answers": [ + "Jitter", + "Hang time", + "Latency", + "Anti-VOX" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following digital modes is designed for meteor scatter communications?", + "answers": [ + "WSPR", + "MSK144", + "Hellschreiber", + "APRS" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What information replaces signal-to-noise ratio when using the FT8 or FT4 modes in a VHF contest?", + "answers": [ + "RST report", + "State abbreviation", + "Serial number", + "Grid square" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following digital modes is designed for EME communications?", + "answers": [ + "MSK144", + "PACTOR III", + "WSPR", + "Q65" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What technology is used for real-time tracking of balloons carrying amateur radio transmitters?", + "answers": [ + "FT8", + "Bandwidth compressed LORAN", + "APRS", + "PACTOR III" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the characteristic of the JT65 mode?", + "answers": [ + "Uses only a 65 Hz bandwidth", + "Decodes signals with a very low signal-to-noise ratio", + "Symbol rate is 65 baud", + "Permits fast-scan TV transmissions over narrow bandwidth" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a method for establishing EME contacts?", + "answers": [ + "Time-synchronous transmissions alternating between stations", + "Storing and forwarding digital messages", + "Judging optimum transmission times by monitoring beacons reflected from the moon", + "High-speed CW identification to avoid fading" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What digital protocol is used by APRS?", + "answers": [ + "PACTOR", + "QAM", + "AX.25", + "AMTOR" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What type of packet frame is used to transmit APRS beacon data?", + "answers": [ + "Acknowledgement", + "Burst", + "Unnumbered Information", + "Connect" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What type of modulation is used by JT65?", + "answers": [ + "Multitone AFSK", + "PSK", + "RTTY", + "QAM" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What does the packet path WIDE3-1 designate?", + "answers": [ + "Three stations are allowed on frequency, one transmitting at a time", + "Three subcarriers are permitted, subcarrier one is being used", + "Three digipeater hops are requested with one remaining", + "Three internet gateway stations may receive one transmission" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How do APRS stations relay data?", + "answers": [ + "By packet ACK/NAK relay", + "By C4FM repeaters", + "By DMR repeaters", + "By packet digipeaters" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "E", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following types of modulation is used for data emissions below 30 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "DTMF tones modulating an FM signal", + "FSK", + "Pulse modulation", + "Spread spectrum" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following synchronizes WSJT-X digital mode transmit/receive timing?", + "answers": [ + "Alignment of frequency shifts", + "Synchronization of computer clocks", + "Sync-field transmission", + "Sync-pulse timing" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "To what does the \"4\" in FT4 refer?", + "answers": [ + "Multiples of 4 bits of user information", + "Four-tone continuous-phase frequency shift keying", + "Four transmit/receive cycles per minute", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is characteristic of the FST4 mode?", + "answers": [ + "Four-tone Gaussian frequency shift keying", + "Variable transmit/receive periods", + "Seven different tone spacings", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these digital modes does not support keyboard-to-keyboard operation?", + "answers": [ + "WSPR", + "RTTY", + "PSK31", + "MFSK16" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the length of an FT8 transmission cycle?", + "answers": [ + "It varies with the amount of data", + "8 seconds", + "15 seconds", + "30 seconds" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does Q65 differ from JT65?", + "answers": [ + "Keyboard-to keyboard operation is supported", + "Quadrature modulation is used", + "Multiple receive cycles are averaged", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following HF digital modes can be used to transfer binary files?", + "answers": [ + "PSK31", + "PACTOR", + "RTTY", + "AMTOR" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following HF digital modes uses variable-length character coding?", + "answers": [ + "RTTY", + "PACTOR", + "MT63", + "PSK31" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these digital modes has the narrowest bandwidth?", + "answers": [ + "MFSK16", + "170 Hz shift, 45-baud RTTY", + "FT8", + "PACTOR IV" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between direct FSK and audio FSK?", + "answers": [ + "Direct FSK modulates the transmitter VFO", + "Direct FSK occupies less bandwidth", + "Direct FSK can transmit higher baud rates", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How do ALE stations establish contact?", + "answers": [ + "ALE constantly scans a list of frequencies, activating the radio when the designated call sign is received", + "ALE radios monitor an internet site for the frequency they are being paged on", + "ALE radios send a constant tone code to establish a frequency for future use", + "ALE radios activate when they hear their signal echoed by back scatter" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these digital modes has the highest data throughput under clear communication conditions?", + "answers": [ + "MFSK16", + "170 Hz shift, 45 baud RTTY", + "FT8", + "PACTOR IV" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 3, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the approximate maximum separation measured along the surface of the Earth between two stations communicating by EME?", + "answers": [ + "2,000 miles, if the moon is at perigee", + "2,000 miles, if the moon is at apogee", + "5,000 miles, if the moon is at perigee", + "12,000 miles, if the moon is “visible” by both stations" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What characterizes libration fading of an EME signal?", + "answers": [ + "A slow change in the pitch of the CW signal", + "A fluttery, irregular fading", + "A gradual loss of signal as the sun rises", + "The returning echo is several hertz lower in frequency than the transmitted signal" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "When scheduling EME contacts, which of these conditions will generally result in the least path loss?", + "answers": [ + "When the Moon is at perigee", + "When the Moon is full", + "When the Moon is at apogee", + "When the MUF is above 30 MHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "In what direction does an electromagnetic wave travel?", + "answers": [ + "It depends on the phase angle of the magnetic field", + "It travels parallel to the electric and magnetic fields", + "It depends on the phase angle of the electric field", + "It travels at a right angle to the electric and magnetic fields" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How are the component fields of an electromagnetic wave oriented?", + "answers": [ + "They are parallel", + "They are tangential", + "They are at right angles", + "They are 90 degrees out of phase" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What should be done to continue a long-distance contact when the MUF for that path decreases due to darkness?", + "answers": [ + "Switch to a higher frequency HF band", + "Switch to a lower frequency HF band", + "Change to an antenna with a higher takeoff angle", + "Change to an antenna with greater beam width" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Atmospheric ducts capable of propagating microwave signals often form over what geographic feature?", + "answers": [ + "Mountain ranges", + "Stratocumulus clouds", + "Large bodies of water", + "Nimbus clouds" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "When a meteor strikes the Earth’s atmosphere, a linear ionized region is formed at what region of the ionosphere?", + "answers": [ + "The E region", + "The F1 region", + "The F2 region", + "The D region" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following frequency ranges is most suited for meteor-scatter communications?", + "answers": [ + "1.8 MHz - 1.9 MHz", + "10 MHz - 14 MHz", + "28 MHz - 148 MHz", + "220 MHz - 450 MHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What determines the speed of electromagnetic waves through a medium?", + "answers": [ + "Resistance and reactance", + "Evanescence", + "Birefringence", + "The index of refraction" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a typical range for tropospheric duct propagation of microwave signals?", + "answers": [ + "10 miles to 50 miles", + "100 miles to 300 miles", + "1,200 miles", + "2,500 miles" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is most likely to result in auroral propagation?", + "answers": [ + "Meteor showers", + "Quiet geomagnetic conditions", + "Severe geomagnetic storms", + "Extreme low-pressure areas in polar regions" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these emission modes is best for auroral propagation?", + "answers": [ + "CW", + "SSB", + "FM", + "RTTY" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What are circularly polarized electromagnetic waves?", + "answers": [ + "Waves with an electric field bent into a circular shape", + "Waves with rotating electric and magnetic fields", + "Waves that circle Earth", + "Waves produced by a loop antenna" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Where is transequatorial propagation (TEP) most likely to occur?", + "answers": [ + "Between points separated by 2,000 miles to 3,000 miles over a path perpendicular to the geomagnetic equator", + "Between points located 1,500 miles to 2,000 miles apart on the geomagnetic equator", + "Between points located at each other’s antipode", + "Through the region where the terminator crosses the geographic equator" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate maximum range for signals using transequatorial propagation?", + "answers": [ + "1,000 miles", + "2,500 miles", + "5,000 miles", + "7,500 miles" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "At what time of day is transequatorial propagation most likely to occur?", + "answers": [ + "Morning", + "Noon", + "Afternoon or early evening", + "Late at night" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What are “extraordinary” and “ordinary” waves?", + "answers": [ + "Extraordinary waves exhibit rare long-skip propagation, compared to ordinary waves, which travel shorter distances", + "Independently propagating, elliptically polarized waves created in the ionosphere", + "Long-path and short-path waves", + "Refracted rays and reflected waves" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following paths is most likely to support long-distance propagation on 160 meters?", + "answers": [ + "A path entirely in sunlight", + "Paths at high latitudes", + "A direct north-south path", + "A path entirely in darkness" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "On which of the following amateur bands is long-path propagation most frequent?", + "answers": [ + "160 meters and 80 meters", + "40 meters and 20 meters", + "10 meters and 6 meters", + "6 meters and 2 meters" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What effect does lowering a signal’s transmitted elevation angle have on ionospheric HF skip propagation?", + "answers": [ + "Faraday rotation becomes stronger", + "The MUF decreases", + "The distance covered by each hop increases", + "The critical frequency increases" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does the maximum range of ground-wave propagation change when the signal frequency is increased?", + "answers": [ + "It stays the same", + "It increases", + "It decreases", + "It peaks at roughly 8 MHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "At what time of year is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur?", + "answers": [ + "Around the solstices, especially the summer solstice", + "Around the solstices, especially the winter solstice", + "Around the equinoxes, especially the spring equinox", + "Around the equinoxes, especially the fall equinox" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of chordal-hop propagation?", + "answers": [ + "The signal experiences less loss compared to multi-hop propagation, which uses Earth as a reflector", + "The MUF for chordal-hop propagation is much lower than for normal skip propagation", + "Atmospheric noise is reduced in the direction of chordal-hop propagation", + "Signals travel faster along ionospheric chords" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "At what time of day is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur?", + "answers": [ + "Between midnight and sunrise", + "Between sunset and midnight", + "Between sunset and sunrise", + "Between sunrise and sunset" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is chordal-hop propagation?", + "answers": [ + "Propagation away from the great circle bearing between stations", + "Successive ionospheric refractions without an intermediate reflection from the ground", + "Propagation across the geomagnetic equator", + "Signals reflected back toward the transmitting station" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What type of polarization is supported by ground-wave propagation?", + "answers": [ + "Vertical", + "Horizontal", + "Circular", + "Elliptical" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the cause of short-term radio blackouts?", + "answers": [ + "Coronal mass ejections", + "Sunspots on the solar equator", + "North-oriented interplanetary magnetic field", + "Solar flares" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is indicated by a rising A-index or K-index?", + "answers": [ + "Increasing disturbance of the geomagnetic field", + "Decreasing disturbance of the geomagnetic field", + "Higher levels of solar UV radiation", + "An increase in the critical frequency" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following signal paths is most likely to experience high levels of absorption when the A-index or K-index is elevated?", + "answers": [ + "Transequatorial", + "Through the auroral oval", + "Sporadic-E", + "NVIS" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What does the value of Bz (B sub z) represent?", + "answers": [ + "Geomagnetic field stability", + "Critical frequency for vertical transmissions", + "North-south strength of the interplanetary magnetic field", + "Duration of long-delayed echoes" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What orientation of Bz (B sub z) increases the likelihood that charged particles from the Sun will cause disturbed conditions?", + "answers": [ + "Southward", + "Northward", + "Eastward", + "Westward" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does the VHF/UHF radio horizon compare to the geographic horizon?", + "answers": [ + "It is approximately 15 percent farther", + "It is approximately 20 percent nearer", + "It is approximately 50 percent farther", + "They are approximately the same" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following indicates the greatest solar flare intensity?", + "answers": [ + "Class A", + "Class Z", + "Class M", + "Class X" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the space-weather term for an extreme geomagnetic storm?", + "answers": [ + "B9", + "X5", + "M9", + "G5" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What type of data is reported by amateur radio propagation reporting networks?", + "answers": [ + "Solar flux", + "Electric field intensity", + "Magnetic declination", + "Digital-mode and CW signals" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What does the 304A solar parameter measure?", + "answers": [ + "The ratio of X-ray flux to radio flux, correlated to sunspot number", + "UV emissions at 304 angstroms, correlated to the solar flux index", + "The solar wind velocity at an angle of 304 degrees from the solar equator, correlated to geomagnetic storms", + "The solar emission at 304 GHz, correlated to X-ray flare levels" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What does VOACAP software model?", + "answers": [ + "AC voltage and impedance", + "VHF radio propagation", + "HF propagation", + "AC current and impedance" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is indicated by a sudden rise in radio background noise across a large portion of the HF spectrum?", + "answers": [ + "A temperature inversion has occurred", + "A coronal mass ejection impact or a solar flare has occurred", + "Transequatorial propagation on 6 meters is likely", + "Long-path propagation on the higher HF bands is likely" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 4, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following limits the highest frequency signal that can be accurately displayed on a digital oscilloscope?", + "answers": [ + "Sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter", + "Analog-to-digital converter reference frequency", + "Q of the circuit", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following parameters does a spectrum analyzer display on the vertical and horizontal axes?", + "answers": [ + "Signal amplitude and time", + "Signal amplitude and frequency", + "SWR and frequency", + "SWR and time" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following test instruments is used to display spurious signals and/or intermodulation distortion products generated by an SSB transmitter?", + "answers": [ + "Differential resolver", + "Spectrum analyzer", + "Logic analyzer", + "Network analyzer" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How is compensation of an oscilloscope probe performed?", + "answers": [ + "A square wave is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the horizontal portions of the displayed wave are as nearly flat as possible", + "A high frequency sine wave is displayed, and the probe is adjusted for maximum amplitude", + "A frequency standard is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the deflection time is accurate", + "A DC voltage standard is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the displayed voltage is accurate" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of using a prescaler with a frequency counter?", + "answers": [ + "Amplify low-level signals for more accurate counting", + "Multiply a higher frequency signal so a low-frequency counter can display the operating frequency", + "Prevent oscillation in a low-frequency counter circuit", + "Reduce the signal frequency to within the counter's operating range" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of aliasing on a digital oscilloscope when displaying a waveform?", + "answers": [ + "A false, jittery low-frequency version of the waveform is displayed", + "The waveform DC offset will be inaccurate", + "Calibration of the vertical scale is no longer valid", + "Excessive blanking occurs, which prevents display of the waveform" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an advantage of using an antenna analyzer compared to an SWR bridge?", + "answers": [ + "Antenna analyzers automatically tune your antenna for resonance", + "Antenna analyzers compute SWR and impedance automatically", + "Antenna analyzers display a time-varying representation of the modulation envelope", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used to measure SWR?", + "answers": [ + "Directional wattmeter", + "Vector network analyzer", + "Antenna analyzer", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is good practice when using an oscilloscope probe?", + "answers": [ + "Minimize the length of the probe's ground connection", + "Never use a high-impedance probe to measure a low-impedance circuit", + "Never use a DC-coupled probe to measure an AC circuit", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which trigger mode is most effective when using an oscilloscope to measure a linear power supply’s output ripple?", + "answers": [ + "Single-shot", + "Edge", + "Level", + "Line" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can be measured with an antenna analyzer?", + "answers": [ + "Velocity factor", + "Cable length", + "Resonant frequency of a tuned circuit", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following factors most affects the accuracy of a frequency counter?", + "answers": [ + "Input attenuator accuracy", + "Time base accuracy", + "Decade divider accuracy", + "Temperature coefficient of the logic" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the significance of voltmeter sensitivity expressed in ohms per volt?", + "answers": [ + "The full scale reading of the voltmeter multiplied by its ohms per volt rating is the input impedance of the voltmeter", + "The reading in volts multiplied by the ohms per volt rating will determine the power drawn by the device under test", + "The reading in ohms divided by the ohms per volt rating will determine the voltage applied to the circuit", + "The full scale reading in amps divided by ohms per volt rating will determine the size of shunt needed" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which S parameter is equivalent to forward gain?", + "answers": [ + "S11", + "S12", + "S21", + "S22" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which S parameter represents input port return loss or reflection coefficient (equivalent to VSWR)?", + "answers": [ + "S11", + "S12", + "S21", + "S22" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What three test loads are used to calibrate an RF vector network analyzer?", + "answers": [ + "50 ohms, 75 ohms, and 90 ohms", + "Short circuit, open circuit, and 50 ohms", + "Short circuit, open circuit, and resonant circuit", + "50 ohms through 1/8 wavelength, 1/4 wavelength, and 1/2 wavelength of coaxial cable" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How much power is being absorbed by the load when a directional power meter connected between a transmitter and a terminating load reads 100 watts forward power and 25 watts reflected power?", + "answers": [ + "100 watts", + "125 watts", + "112.5 watts", + "75 watts" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What do the subscripts of S parameters represent?", + "answers": [ + "The port or ports at which measurements are made", + "The relative time between measurements", + "Relative quality of the data", + "Frequency order of the measurements" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can be used to determine the Q of a series-tuned circuit?", + "answers": [ + "The ratio of inductive reactance to capacitive reactance", + "The frequency shift", + "The bandwidth of the circuit's frequency response", + "The resonant frequency of the circuit" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can be measured by a two-port vector network analyzer?", + "answers": [ + "Phase noise", + "Filter frequency response", + "Pulse rise time", + "Forward power" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following methods measures intermodulation distortion in an SSB transmitter?", + "answers": [ + "Modulate the transmitter using two RF signals having non-harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a spectrum analyzer", + "Modulate the transmitter using two AF signals having non-harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a spectrum analyzer", + "Modulate the transmitter using two AF signals having harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a peak reading wattmeter", + "Modulate the transmitter using two RF signals having harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a logic analyzer" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can be measured with a vector network analyzer?", + "answers": [ + "Input impedance", + "Output impedance", + "Reflection coefficient", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is an effect of excessive phase noise in an SDR receiver’s master clock oscillator?", + "answers": [ + "It limits the receiver’s ability to receive strong signals", + "It can affect the receiver’s frequency calibration", + "It decreases the receiver’s third-order intercept point", + "It can combine with strong signals on nearby frequencies to generate interference" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following receiver circuits can be effective in eliminating interference from strong out-of-band signals?", + "answers": [ + "A front-end filter or preselector", + "A narrow IF filter", + "A notch filter", + "A properly adjusted product detector" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the suppression in an FM receiver of one signal by another stronger signal on the same frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Desensitization", + "Cross-modulation interference", + "Capture effect", + "Frequency discrimination" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the noise figure of a receiver?", + "answers": [ + "The ratio of atmospheric noise to phase noise", + "The ratio of the noise bandwidth in hertz to the theoretical bandwidth of a resistive network", + "The ratio in dB of the noise generated in the receiver to atmospheric noise", + "The ratio in dB of the noise generated by the receiver to the theoretical minimum noise" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What does a receiver noise floor of -174 dBm represent?", + "answers": [ + "The receiver noise is 6 dB above the theoretical minimum", + "The theoretical noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth at the input of a perfect receiver at room temperature", + "The noise figure of a 1 Hz bandwidth receiver", + "The receiver noise is 3 dB above theoretical minimum" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How much does increasing a receiver’s bandwidth from 50 Hz to 1,000 Hz increase the receiver’s noise floor?", + "answers": [ + "3 dB", + "5 dB", + "10 dB", + "13 dB" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What does the MDS of a receiver represent?", + "answers": [ + "The meter display sensitivity", + "The minimum discernible signal", + "The modulation distortion specification", + "The maximum detectable spectrum" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "An SDR receiver is overloaded when input signals exceed what level?", + "answers": [ + "One-half of the maximum sample rate", + "One-half of the maximum sampling buffer size", + "The maximum count value of the analog-to-digital converter", + "The reference voltage of the analog-to-digital converter" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following choices is a good reason for selecting a high IF for a superheterodyne HF or VHF communications receiver?", + "answers": [ + "Fewer components in the receiver", + "Reduced drift", + "Easier for front-end circuitry to eliminate image responses", + "Improved receiver noise figure" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is an advantage of having a variety of receiver bandwidths from which to select?", + "answers": [ + "The noise figure of the RF amplifier can be adjusted to match the modulation type, thus increasing receiver sensitivity", + "Receiver power consumption can be reduced when wider bandwidth is not required", + "Receive bandwidth can be set to match the modulation bandwidth, maximizing signal-to-noise ratio and minimizing interference", + "Multiple frequencies can be received simultaneously if desired" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why does input attenuation reduce receiver overload on the lower frequency HF bands with little or no impact on signal-to-noise ratio?", + "answers": [ + "The attenuator has a low-pass filter to increase the strength of lower frequency signals", + "The attenuator has a noise filter to suppress interference", + "Signals are attenuated separately from the noise", + "Atmospheric noise is generally greater than internally generated noise even after attenuation" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How does a narrow-band roofing filter affect receiver performance?", + "answers": [ + "It improves sensitivity by reducing front-end noise", + "It improves intelligibility by using low Q circuitry to reduce ringing", + "It improves blocking dynamic range by attenuating strong signals near the receive frequency", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is reciprocal mixing?", + "answers": [ + "Two out-of-band signals mixing to generate an in-band spurious signal", + "In-phase signals cancelling in a mixer resulting in loss of receiver sensitivity", + "Two digital signals combining from alternate time slots", + "Local oscillator phase noise mixing with adjacent strong signals to create interference to desired signals" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of the receiver IF Shift control?", + "answers": [ + "To permit listening on a different frequency from the transmitting frequency", + "To change frequency rapidly", + "To reduce interference from stations transmitting on adjacent frequencies", + "To tune in stations slightly off frequency without changing the transmit frequency" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is meant by the blocking dynamic range of a receiver?", + "answers": [ + "The difference in dB between the noise floor and the level of an incoming signal that will cause 1 dB of gain compression", + "The minimum difference in dB between the levels of two FM signals that will cause one signal to block the other", + "The difference in dB between the noise floor and the third-order intercept point", + "The minimum difference in dB between two signals which produce third-order intermodulation products greater than the noise floor" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes problems caused by poor dynamic range in a receiver?", + "answers": [ + "Spurious signals caused by cross modulation and desensitization from strong adjacent signals", + "Oscillator instability requiring frequent retuning and loss of ability to recover the opposite sideband", + "Poor weak signal reception caused by insufficient local oscillator injection", + "Oscillator instability and severe audio distortion of all but the strongest received signals" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What creates intermodulation interference between two repeaters in close proximity?", + "answers": [ + "The output signals cause feedback in the final amplifier of one or both transmitters", + "The output signals mix in the final amplifier of one or both transmitters", + "The input frequencies are harmonically related", + "The output frequencies are harmonically related" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used to reduce or eliminate intermodulation interference in a repeater caused by a nearby transmitter?", + "answers": [ + "A band-pass filter in the feed line between the transmitter and receiver", + "A properly terminated circulator at the output of the repeater’s transmitter", + "Utilizing a Class C final amplifier", + "Utilizing a Class D final amplifier" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What transmitter frequencies would create an intermodulation-product signal in a receiver tuned to 146.70 MHz when a nearby station transmits on 146.52 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "146.34 MHz and 146.61 MHz", + "146.88 MHz and 146.34 MHz", + "146.10 MHz and 147.30 MHz", + "146.30 MHz and 146.90 MHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the reduction in receiver sensitivity caused by a strong signal near the received frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Reciprocal mixing", + "Quieting", + "Desensitization", + "Cross modulation interference" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following reduces the likelihood of receiver desensitization?", + "answers": [ + "Insert attenuation before the first RF stage", + "Raise the receiver’s IF frequency", + "Increase the receiver’s front-end gain", + "Switch from fast AGC to slow AGC" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What causes intermodulation in an electronic circuit?", + "answers": [ + "Negative feedback", + "Lack of neutralization", + "Nonlinear circuits or devices", + "Positive feedback" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of the preselector in a communications receiver?", + "answers": [ + "To store frequencies that are often used", + "To provide broadband attenuation before the first RF stage to prevent intermodulation", + "To increase the rejection of signals outside the band being received", + "To allow selection of the optimum RF amplifier device" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What does a third-order intercept level of 40 dBm mean with respect to receiver performance?", + "answers": [ + "Signals less than 40 dBm will not generate audible third-order intermodulation products", + "The receiver can tolerate signals up to 40 dB above the noise floor without producing third-order intermodulation products", + "A pair of 40 dBm input signals will theoretically generate a third-order intermodulation product that has the same output amplitude as either of the input signals", + "A pair of 1 mW input signals will produce a third-order intermodulation product that is 40 dB stronger than the input signal" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why are odd-order intermodulation products, created within a receiver, of particular interest compared to other products?", + "answers": [ + "Odd-order products of two signals in the band being received are also likely to be within the band", + "Odd-order products are more likely to overload the IF filters", + "Odd-order products are an indication of poor image rejection", + "Odd-order intermodulation produces three products for every input signal within the band of interest" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the link margin in a system with a transmit power level of 100 W (+40 dBm), a system antenna gain of 10 dBi, a cable loss of 3 dB, a path loss of 136 dB, a receiver minimum discernable signal of -103 dBm, and a required signal-to-noise ratio of 6 dB?", + "answers": [ + "-8dB", + "-14dB", + "+8dB", + "+14dB" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the received signal level with a transmit power of 100 W (+40 dBm), a transmit antenna gain of 6 dBi, a receive antenna gain of 3 dBi, and a path loss of 100 dB?", + "answers": [ + "-51 dBm", + "-54 dBm", + "-57 dBm", + "-60 dBm" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What power level does a receiver minimum discernible signal of -100 dBm represent?", + "answers": [ + "100 microwatts", + "0.1 microwatt", + "0.001 microwatts", + "0.1 picowatts" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "E", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What problem can occur when using an automatic notch filter (ANF) to remove interfering carriers while receiving CW signals?", + "answers": [ + "Removal of the CW signal as well as the interfering carrier", + "Any nearby signal passing through the DSP system will overwhelm the desired signal", + "Excessive ringing", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of noise can often be reduced by a digital noise reduction?", + "answers": [ + "Broadband white noise", + "Ignition noise", + "Power line noise", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of noise are removed by a noise blanker?", + "answers": [ + "Broadband white noise", + "Impulse noise", + "Hum and buzz", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How can conducted noise from an automobile battery charging system be suppressed?", + "answers": [ + "By installing filter capacitors in series with the alternator leads", + "By installing a noise suppression resistor and a blocking capacitor at the battery", + "By installing a high-pass filter in series with the radio’s power lead and a low-pass filter in parallel with the antenna feed line", + "By installing ferrite chokes on the charging system leads" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is used to suppress radio frequency interference from a line-driven AC motor?", + "answers": [ + "A high-pass filter in series with the motor’s power leads", + "A brute-force AC-line filter in series with the motor’s power leads", + "A bypass capacitor in series with the motor’s field winding", + "A bypass choke in parallel with the motor’s field winding" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What type of electrical interference can be caused by computer network equipment?", + "answers": [ + "A loud AC hum in the audio output of your station’s receiver", + "A clicking noise at intervals of a few seconds", + "The appearance of unstable modulated or unmodulated signals at specific frequencies", + "A whining-type noise that continually pulses off and on" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can cause shielded cables to radiate or receive interference?", + "answers": [ + "Low inductance ground connections at both ends of the shield", + "Common-mode currents on the shield and conductors", + "Use of braided shielding material", + "Tying all ground connections to a common point resulting in differential-mode currents in the shield" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What current flows equally on all conductors of an unshielded multiconductor cable?", + "answers": [ + "Differential-mode current", + "Common-mode current", + "Reactive current only", + "Magnetically-coupled current only" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What undesirable effect can occur when using a noise blanker?", + "answers": [ + "Received audio in the speech range might have an echo effect", + "The audio frequency bandwidth of the received signal might be compressed", + "Strong signals may be distorted and appear to cause spurious emissions", + "FM signals can no longer be demodulated" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can create intermittent loud roaring or buzzing AC line interference?", + "answers": [ + "Arcing contacts in a thermostatically controlled device", + "A defective doorbell or doorbell transformer inside a nearby residence", + "A malfunctioning illuminated advertising display", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What could be the cause of local AM broadcast band signals combining to generate spurious signals on the MF or HF bands?", + "answers": [ + "One or more of the broadcast stations is transmitting an over-modulated signal", + "Nearby corroded metal connections are mixing and reradiating the broadcast signals", + "You are receiving skywave signals from a distant station", + "Your station receiver IF amplifier stage is overloaded" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What causes interference received as a series of carriers at regular intervals across a wide frequency range?", + "answers": [ + "Switch-mode power supplies", + "Radar transmitters", + "Wireless security camera transmitters", + "Electric fences" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Where should a station AC surge protector be installed?", + "answers": [ + "At the AC service panel", + "At an AC outlet", + "On the single point ground panel", + "On a ground rod outside the station" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a single point ground panel?", + "answers": [ + "Remove AC power in case of a short-circuit", + "Prevent common-mode transients in multi-wire systems", + "Eliminate air gaps between protected and non-protected circuits", + "Ensure all lightning protectors activate at the same time" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 5, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What can cause the voltage across reactances in a series RLC circuit to be higher than the voltage applied to the entire circuit?", + "answers": [ + "Resonance", + "Capacitance", + "Low quality factor (Q)", + "Resistance" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit if R is 22 ohms, L is 50 microhenries, and C is 40 picofarads?", + "answers": [ + "44.72 MHz", + "22.36 MHz", + "3.56 MHz", + "1.78 MHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the magnitude of the impedance of a series RLC circuit at resonance?", + "answers": [ + "High, compared to the circuit resistance", + "Approximately equal to capacitive reactance", + "Approximately equal to inductive reactance", + "Approximately equal to circuit resistance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the magnitude of the impedance of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance?", + "answers": [ + "Approximately equal to circuit resistance", + "Approximately equal to inductive reactance", + "Low compared to the circuit resistance", + "High compared to the circuit resistance" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the result of increasing the Q of an impedance-matching circuit?", + "answers": [ + "Matching bandwidth is decreased", + "Matching bandwidth is increased", + "Losses increase", + "Harmonics increase" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the magnitude of the circulating current within the components of a parallel LC circuit at resonance?", + "answers": [ + "It is at a minimum", + "It is at a maximum", + "It equals 1 divided by the quantity 2 times pi, times the square root of (inductance L multiplied by capacitance C)", + "It equals 2 times pi, times the square root of (inductance L multiplied by capacitance C)" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the magnitude of the current at the input of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance?", + "answers": [ + "Minimum", + "Maximum", + "R/L", + "L/R" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the phase relationship between the current through and the voltage across a series resonant circuit at resonance?", + "answers": [ + "The voltage leads the current by 90 degrees", + "The current leads the voltage by 90 degrees", + "The voltage and current are in phase", + "The voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How is the Q of an RLC parallel resonant circuit calculated?", + "answers": [ + "Reactance of either the inductance or capacitance divided by the resistance", + "Reactance of either the inductance or capacitance multiplied by the resistance", + "Resistance divided by the reactance of either the inductance or capacitance", + "Reactance of the inductance multiplied by the reactance of the capacitance" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit if R is 33 ohms, L is 50 microhenries, and C is 10 picofarads?", + "answers": [ + "7.12 MHz", + "23.5 kHz", + "7.12 kHz", + "23.5 MHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the half-power bandwidth of a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 7.1 MHz and a Q of 150?", + "answers": [ + "157.8 Hz", + "315.6 Hz", + "47.3 kHz", + "23.67 kHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the half-power bandwidth of a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 3.7 MHz and a Q of 118?", + "answers": [ + "436.6 kHz", + "218.3 kHz", + "31.4 kHz", + "15.7 kHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is an effect of increasing Q in a series resonant circuit?", + "answers": [ + "Fewer components are needed for the same performance", + "Parasitic effects are minimized", + "Internal voltages increase", + "Phase shift can become uncontrolled" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the term for the time required for the capacitor in an RC circuit to be charged to 63.2% of the applied voltage or to discharge to 36.8% of its initial voltage?", + "answers": [ + "An exponential rate of one", + "One time constant", + "One exponential period", + "A time factor of one" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What letter is commonly used to represent susceptance?", + "answers": [ + "G", + "X", + "Y", + "B" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How is impedance in polar form converted to an equivalent admittance?", + "answers": [ + "Take the reciprocal of the angle and change the sign of the magnitude", + "Take the reciprocal of the magnitude and change the sign of the angle", + "Take the square root of the magnitude and add 180 degrees to the angle", + "Square the magnitude and subtract 90 degrees from the angle" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the time constant of a circuit having two 220-microfarad capacitors and two 1-megohm resistors, all in parallel?", + "answers": [ + "55 seconds", + "110 seconds", + "440 seconds", + "220 seconds" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect on the magnitude of pure reactance when it is converted to susceptance?", + "answers": [ + "It is unchanged", + "The sign is reversed", + "It is shifted by 90 degrees", + "It is replaced by its reciprocal" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is susceptance?", + "answers": [ + "The magnetic impedance of a circuit", + "The ratio of magnetic field to electric field", + "The imaginary part of admittance", + "A measure of the efficiency of a transformer" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 500 ohms, R is 1 kilohm, and XL is 250 ohms?", + "answers": [ + "68.2 degrees with the voltage leading the current", + "14.0 degrees with the voltage leading the current", + "14.0 degrees with the voltage lagging the current", + "68.2 degrees with the voltage lagging the current" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 300 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 100 ohms?", + "answers": [ + "63 degrees with the voltage lagging the current", + "63 degrees with the voltage leading the current", + "27 degrees with the voltage leading the current", + "27 degrees with the voltage lagging the current" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between the AC current through a capacitor and the voltage across a capacitor?", + "answers": [ + "Voltage and current are in phase", + "Voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase", + "Voltage leads current by 90 degrees", + "Current leads voltage by 90 degrees" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between the AC current through an inductor and the voltage across an inductor?", + "answers": [ + "Voltage leads current by 90 degrees", + "Current leads voltage by 90 degrees", + "Voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase", + "Voltage and current are in phase" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 25 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 75 ohms?", + "answers": [ + "27 degrees with the voltage lagging the current", + "27 degrees with the voltage leading the current", + "63 degrees with the voltage lagging the current", + "63 degrees with the voltage leading the current" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is admittance?", + "answers": [ + "The inverse of impedance", + "The term for the gain of a field effect transistor", + "The inverse of reactance", + "The term for the on-impedance of a field effect transistor" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following represents pure capacitive reactance of 100 ohms in rectangular notation?", + "answers": [ + "0 - j100", + "0 + j100", + "100 - j0", + "100 + j0" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How are impedances described in polar coordinates?", + "answers": [ + "By X and R values", + "By real and imaginary parts", + "By magnitude and phase angle", + "By Y and G values" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following represents a pure inductive reactance in polar coordinates?", + "answers": [ + "A positive 45 degree phase angle", + "A negative 45 degree phase angle", + "A positive 90 degree phase angle", + "A negative 90 degree phase angle" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What type of Y-axis scale is most often used for graphs of circuit frequency response?", + "answers": [ + "Linear", + "Scatter", + "Random", + "Logarithmic" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What kind of diagram is used to show the phase relationship between impedances at a given frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Venn diagram", + "Near field diagram", + "Phasor diagram", + "Far field diagram" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What does the impedance 50 - j25 ohms represent?", + "answers": [ + "50 ohms resistance in series with 25 ohms inductive reactance", + "50 ohms resistance in series with 25 ohms capacitive reactance", + "25 ohms resistance in series with 50 ohms inductive reactance", + "25 ohms resistance in series with 50 ohms capacitive reactance" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Where is the impedance of a pure resistance plotted on rectangular coordinates?", + "answers": [ + "On the vertical axis", + "On a line through the origin, slanted at 45 degrees", + "On a horizontal line, offset vertically above the horizontal axis", + "On the horizontal axis" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What coordinate system is often used to display the phase angle of a circuit containing resistance, inductive, and/or capacitive reactance?", + "answers": [ + "Maidenhead grid", + "Faraday grid", + "Elliptical coordinates", + "Polar coordinates" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "When using rectangular coordinates to graph the impedance of a circuit, what do the axes represent?", + "answers": [ + "The X axis represents the resistive component, and the Y axis represents the reactive component", + "The X axis represents the reactive component, and the Y axis represents the resistive component", + "The X axis represents the phase angle, and the Y axis represents the magnitude", + "The X axis represents the magnitude, and the Y axis represents the phase angle" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which point on Figure E5-1 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 400-ohm resistor and a 38-picofarad capacitor at 14 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "Point 2", + "Point 4", + "Point 5", + "Point 6" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "E5-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "Which point in Figure E5-1 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300-ohm resistor and an 18-microhenry inductor at 3.505 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "Point 1", + "Point 3", + "Point 7", + "Point 8" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "E5-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "Which point on Figure E5-1 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300-ohm resistor and a 19-picofarad capacitor at 21.200 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "Point 1", + "Point 3", + "Point 7", + "Point 8" + ], + "correct": 0, + "image_path": "E5-1.png" + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the result of conductor skin effect?", + "answers": [ + "Resistance increases as frequency increases because RF current flows closer to the surface", + "Resistance decreases as frequency increases because electron mobility increases", + "Resistance increases as temperature increases because of the change in thermal coefficient", + "Resistance decreases as temperature increases because of the change in thermal coefficient" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why is it important to keep lead lengths short for components used in circuits for VHF and above?", + "answers": [ + "To increase the thermal time constant", + "To minimize inductive reactance", + "To maintain component lifetime", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the phase relationship between current and voltage for reactive power?", + "answers": [ + "They are out of phase", + "They are in phase", + "They are 90 degrees out of phase", + "They are 45 degrees out of phase" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why are short connections used at microwave frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "To increase neutralizing resistance", + "To reduce phase shift along the connection", + "To increase compensating capacitance", + "To reduce noise figure" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What parasitic characteristic causes electrolytic capacitors to be unsuitable for use at RF?", + "answers": [ + "Skin effect", + "Shunt capacitance", + "Inductance", + "Dielectric leakage" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What parasitic characteristic creates an inductor’s self-resonance?", + "answers": [ + "Skin effect", + "Dielectric loss", + "Coupling", + "Inter-turn capacitance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What combines to create the self-resonance of a component?", + "answers": [ + "The component’s resistance and reactance", + "The component’s nominal and parasitic reactance", + "The component’s inductance and capacitance", + "The component’s electrical length and impedance" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the primary cause of loss in film capacitors at RF?", + "answers": [ + "Inductance", + "Dielectric loss", + "Self-discharge", + "Skin effect" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What happens to reactive power in ideal inductors and capacitors?", + "answers": [ + "It is dissipated as heat in the circuit", + "Energy is stored in magnetic or electric fields, but power is not dissipated", + "It is canceled by Coulomb forces in the capacitor and inductor", + "It is dissipated in the formation of inductive and capacitive fields" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "As a conductor’s diameter increases, what is the effect on its electrical length?", + "answers": [ + "Thickness has no effect on electrical length", + "It varies randomly", + "It decreases", + "It increases" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How much real power is consumed in a circuit consisting of a 100-ohm resistor in series with a 100-ohm inductive reactance drawing 1 ampere?", + "answers": [ + "70.7 watts", + "100 watts", + "141.4 watts", + "200 watts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is reactive power?", + "answers": [ + "Power consumed in circuit Q", + "Power consumed by an inductor’s wire resistance", + "The power consumed in inductors and capacitors", + "Wattless, nonproductive power" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 6, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "In what application is gallium arsenide used as a semiconductor material?", + "answers": [ + "In high-current rectifier circuits", + "In high-power audio circuits", + "In microwave circuits", + "In very low-frequency RF circuits" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following semiconductor materials contains excess free electrons?", + "answers": [ + "N-type", + "P-type", + "Bipolar", + "Insulated gate" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why does a PN-junction diode not conduct current when reverse biased?", + "answers": [ + "Only P-type semiconductor material can conduct current", + "Only N-type semiconductor material can conduct current", + "Holes in P-type material and electrons in the N-type material are separated by the applied voltage, widening the depletion region", + "Excess holes in P-type material combine with the electrons in N-type material, converting the entire diode into an insulator" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the name given to an impurity atom that adds holes to a semiconductor crystal structure?", + "answers": [ + "Insulator impurity", + "N-type impurity", + "Acceptor impurity", + "Donor impurity" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does DC input impedance at the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET) compare with that of a bipolar transistor?", + "answers": [ + "They are both low impedance", + "An FET has lower input impedance", + "An FET has higher input impedance", + "They are both high impedance" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the beta of a bipolar junction transistor?", + "answers": [ + "The frequency at which the current gain is reduced to 0.707", + "The change in collector current with respect to base current", + "The breakdown voltage of the base-to-collector junction", + "The switching speed" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following indicates that a silicon NPN junction transistor is biased on?", + "answers": [ + "Base-to-emitter resistance of approximately 6 ohms to 7 ohms", + "Base-to-emitter resistance of approximately 0.6 ohms to 0.7 ohms", + "Base-to-emitter voltage of approximately 6 volts to 7 volts", + "Base-to-emitter voltage of approximately 0.6 volts to 0.7 volts" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the frequency at which the grounded-base current gain of a bipolar junction transistor has decreased to 0.7 of the gain obtainable at 1 kHz?", + "answers": [ + "Corner frequency", + "Alpha rejection frequency", + "Beta cutoff frequency", + "Alpha cutoff frequency" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a depletion-mode field-effect transistor (FET)?", + "answers": [ + "An FET that exhibits a current flow between source and drain when no gate voltage is applied", + "An FET that has no current flow between source and drain when no gate voltage is applied", + "An FET that exhibits very high electron mobility due to a lack of holes in the N-type material", + "An FET for which holes are the majority carriers" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "In Figure E6-1, which is the schematic symbol for an N-channel dual-gate MOSFET?", + "answers": [ + "2", + "4", + "5", + "6" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "E6-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "In Figure E6-1, which is the schematic symbol for a P-channel junction FET?", + "answers": [ + "1", + "2", + "3", + "6" + ], + "correct": 0, + "image_path": "E6-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of connecting Zener diodes between a MOSFET gate and its source or drain?", + "answers": [ + "To provide a voltage reference for the correct amount of reverse-bias gate voltage", + "To protect the substrate from excessive voltages", + "To keep the gate voltage within specifications and prevent the device from overheating", + "To protect the gate from static damage" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the most useful characteristic of a Zener diode?", + "answers": [ + "A constant current drop under conditions of varying voltage", + "A constant voltage drop under conditions of varying current", + "A negative resistance region", + "An internal capacitance that varies with the applied voltage" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which characteristic of a Schottky diode makes it a better choice than a silicon junction diode for use as a power supply rectifier?", + "answers": [ + "Much higher reverse voltage breakdown", + "More constant reverse avalanche voltage", + "Longer carrier retention time", + "Lower forward voltage drop" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What property of an LED's semiconductor material determines its forward voltage drop?", + "answers": [ + "Intrinsic resistance", + "Band gap", + "Junction capacitance", + "Junction depth" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What type of semiconductor device is designed for use as a voltage-controlled capacitor?", + "answers": [ + "Varactor diode", + "Tunnel diode", + "Silicon-controlled rectifier", + "Zener diode" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What characteristic of a PIN diode makes it useful as an RF switch?", + "answers": [ + "Extremely high reverse breakdown voltage", + "Ability to dissipate large amounts of power", + "Reverse bias controls its forward voltage drop", + "Low junction capacitance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a common use of a Schottky diode?", + "answers": [ + "In oscillator circuits as the negative resistance element", + "As a variable capacitance in an automatic frequency control circuit", + "In power supplies as a constant voltage reference", + "As a VHF/UHF mixer or detector" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What causes a junction diode to fail from excessive current?", + "answers": [ + "Excessive inverse voltage", + "Excessive junction temperature", + "Insufficient forward voltage", + "Charge carrier depletion" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a Schottky barrier diode?", + "answers": [ + "Metal-semiconductor junction", + "Electrolytic rectifier", + "PIN junction", + "Thermionic emission diode" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is a common use for point-contact diodes?", + "answers": [ + "As a constant current source", + "As a constant voltage source", + "As an RF detector", + "As a high-voltage rectifier" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "In Figure E6-2, which is the schematic symbol for a Schottky diode?", + "answers": [ + "1", + "6", + "2", + "3" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "E6-2.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is used to control the attenuation of RF signals by a PIN diode?", + "answers": [ + "Forward DC bias current", + "A variable RF reference voltage", + "Reverse voltage larger than the RF signal", + "Capacitance of an RF coupling capacitor" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the function of hysteresis in a comparator?", + "answers": [ + "To prevent input noise from causing unstable output signals", + "To allow the comparator to be used with AC input signals", + "To cause the output to continually change states", + "To increase the sensitivity" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What happens when the level of a comparator’s input signal crosses the threshold voltage?", + "answers": [ + "The IC input can be damaged", + "The comparator changes its output state", + "The reference level appears at the output", + "The feedback loop becomes unstable" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is tri-state logic?", + "answers": [ + "Logic devices with 0, 1, and high-impedance output states", + "Logic devices that utilize ternary math", + "Logic with three output impedances which can be selected to better match the load impedance", + "A counter with eight states" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an advantage of BiCMOS logic?", + "answers": [ + "Its simplicity results in much less expensive devices than standard CMOS", + "It is immune to electrostatic damage", + "It has the high input impedance of CMOS and the low output impedance of bipolar transistors", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following digital logic families has the lowest power consumption?", + "answers": [ + "Schottky TTL", + "ECL", + "NMOS", + "CMOS" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why do CMOS digital integrated circuits have high immunity to noise on the input signal or power supply?", + "answers": [ + "Large bypass capacitance is inherent", + "The input switching threshold is about twice the power supply voltage", + "The input switching threshold is about half the power supply voltage", + "Bandwidth is very limited" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What best describes a pull-up or pull-down resistor?", + "answers": [ + "A resistor in a keying circuit used to reduce key clicks", + "A resistor connected to the positive or negative supply used to establish a voltage when an input or output is an open circuit", + "A resistor that ensures that an oscillator frequency does not drift", + "A resistor connected to an op-amp output that prevents signals from exceeding the power supply voltage" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "In Figure E6-3, which is the schematic symbol for a NAND gate?", + "answers": [ + "1", + "2", + "3", + "4" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "E6-3.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is used to design the configuration of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)?", + "answers": [ + "Karnaugh maps", + "Hardware description language (HDL)", + "An auto-router", + "Machine and assembly language" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "In Figure E6-3, which is the schematic symbol for a NOR gate?", + "answers": [ + "1", + "2", + "3", + "4" + ], + "correct": 3, + "image_path": "E6-3.png" + }, + { + "question": "In Figure E6-3, which is the schematic symbol for the NOT operation (inversion)?", + "answers": [ + "2", + "4", + "5", + "6" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "E6-3.png" + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is piezoelectricity?", + "answers": [ + "The ability of materials to generate electromagnetic waves of a certain frequency when voltage is applied", + "A characteristic of materials that have an index of refraction which depends on the polarization of the electromagnetic wave passing through it", + "A characteristic of materials that generate a voltage when stressed and that flex when a voltage is applied", + "The ability of materials to generate voltage when an electromagnetic wave of a certain frequency is applied" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the equivalent circuit of a quartz crystal?", + "answers": [ + "Series RLC in parallel with a shunt C representing electrode and stray capacitance", + "Parallel RLC, where C is the parallel combination of resonance capacitance of the crystal and electrode and stray capacitance", + "Series RLC, where C is the parallel combination of resonance capacitance of the crystal and electrode and stray capacitance", + "Parallel RLC, where C is the series combination of resonance capacitance of the crystal and electrode and stray capacitance" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an aspect of the piezoelectric effect?", + "answers": [ + "Mechanical deformation of material due to the application of a voltage", + "Mechanical deformation of material due to the application of a magnetic field", + "Generation of electrical energy in the presence of light", + "Increased conductivity in the presence of light" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why are cores of inductors and transformers sometimes constructed of thin layers?", + "answers": [ + "To simplify assembly during manufacturing", + "To reduce power loss from eddy currents in the core", + "To increase the cutoff frequency by reducing capacitance", + "To save cost by reducing the amount of magnetic material" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How do ferrite and powdered iron compare for use in an inductor core?", + "answers": [ + "Ferrite cores generally have lower initial permeability", + "Ferrite cores generally have better temperature stability", + "Ferrite cores generally require fewer turns to produce a given inductance value", + "Ferrite cores are easier to use with surface-mount technology" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What core material property determines the inductance of an inductor?", + "answers": [ + "Permittivity", + "Resistance", + "Reactivity", + "Permeability" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the current that flows in the primary winding of a transformer when there is no load on the secondary winding?", + "answers": [ + "Stabilizing current", + "Direct current", + "Excitation current", + "Magnetizing current" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following materials has the highest temperature stability of its magnetic characteristics?", + "answers": [ + "Brass", + "Powdered iron", + "Ferrite", + "Aluminum" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What devices are commonly used as VHF and UHF parasitic suppressors at the input and output terminals of a transistor HF amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "Electrolytic capacitors", + "Butterworth filters", + "Ferrite beads", + "Steel-core toroids" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a primary advantage of using a toroidal core instead of a solenoidal core in an inductor?", + "answers": [ + "Toroidal cores confine most of the magnetic field within the core material", + "Toroidal cores make it easier to couple the magnetic energy into other components", + "Toroidal cores exhibit greater hysteresis", + "Toroidal cores have lower Q characteristics" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which type of core material decreases inductance when inserted into a coil?", + "answers": [ + "Ceramic", + "Brass", + "Ferrite", + "Aluminum" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What causes inductor saturation?", + "answers": [ + "Operation at too high a frequency", + "Selecting a core with low permeability", + "Operation at excessive magnetic flux", + "Selecting a core with excessive permittivity" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "E", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Why is gallium arsenide (GaAs) useful for semiconductor devices operating at UHF and higher frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "Higher noise figures", + "Higher electron mobility", + "Lower junction voltage drop", + "Lower transconductance" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following device packages is a through-hole type?", + "answers": [ + "DIP", + "PLCC", + "BGA", + "SOT" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following materials supports the highest frequency of operation when used in MMICs?", + "answers": [ + "Silicon", + "Silicon nitride", + "Silicon dioxide", + "Gallium nitride" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which is the most common input and output impedance of MMICs?", + "answers": [ + "50 ohms", + "300 ohms", + "450 ohms", + "75 ohms" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following noise figure values is typical of a low-noise UHF preamplifier?", + "answers": [ + "0.5 dB", + "-10 dB", + "44 dBm", + "-20 dBm" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What characteristics of MMICs make them a popular choice for VHF through microwave circuits?", + "answers": [ + "The ability to retrieve information from a single signal, even in the presence of other strong signals", + "Extremely high Q factor and high stability over a wide temperature range", + "Nearly infinite gain, very high input impedance, and very low output impedance", + "Controlled gain, low noise figure, and constant input and output impedance over the specified frequency range" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What type of transmission line is often used for connections to MMICs?", + "answers": [ + "Miniature coax", + "Circular waveguide", + "Parallel wire", + "Microstrip" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How is power supplied to the most common type of MMIC?", + "answers": [ + "Through a capacitor and RF choke connected to the amplifier input lead", + "MMICs require no operating bias", + "Through a resistor and/or RF choke connected to the amplifier output lead", + "Directly to the bias voltage (Vcc) lead" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following component package types have the least parasitic effects at frequencies above the HF range?", + "answers": [ + "TO-220", + "Axial lead", + "Radial lead", + "Surface mount" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What advantage does surface-mount technology offer at RF compared to using through-hole components?", + "answers": [ + "Smaller circuit area", + "Shorter circuit board traces", + "Components have less parasitic inductance and capacitance", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a characteristic of DIP packaging used for integrated circuits?", + "answers": [ + "Extremely low stray capacitance (dielectrically isolated package)", + "Extremely high resistance between pins (doubly insulated package)", + "Two chips in each package (dual in package)", + "Two rows of connecting pins on opposite sides of package (dual in-line package)" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why are DIP through-hole package ICs not typically used at UHF and higher frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "Excessive dielectric loss", + "Epoxy coating is conductive above 300 MHz", + "Excessive lead length", + "Unsuitable for combining analog and digital signals" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "F", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What absorbs the energy from light falling on a photovoltaic cell?", + "answers": [ + "Protons", + "Photons", + "Electrons", + "Holes" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What happens to photoconductive material when light shines on it?", + "answers": [ + "Resistance decreases", + "Resistance increases", + "Reflectivity increases", + "Reflectivity decreases" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the most common configuration of an optoisolator or optocoupler?", + "answers": [ + "A lens and a photomultiplier", + "A frequency-modulated helium-neon laser", + "An amplitude-modulated helium-neon laser", + "An LED and a phototransistor" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the photovoltaic effect?", + "answers": [ + "The conversion of voltage to current when exposed to light", + "The conversion of light to electrical energy", + "The effect that causes a photodiode to emit light when a voltage is applied", + "The effect that causes a phototransistor’s beta to decrease when exposed to light" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes an optical shaft encoder?", + "answers": [ + "A device that detects rotation by interrupting a light source with a patterned wheel", + "A device that measures the strength of a beam of light using analog-to-digital conversion", + "An optical computing device in which light is coupled between devices by fiber optics", + "A device for generating RTTY signals by means of a rotating light source" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these materials is most commonly used to create photoconductive devices?", + "answers": [ + "Polyphenol acetate", + "Argon", + "Crystalline semiconductor", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a solid-state relay?", + "answers": [ + "A relay that uses transistors to drive the relay coil", + "A device that uses semiconductors to implement the functions of an electromechanical relay", + "A mechanical relay that latches in the on or off state each time it is pulsed", + "A semiconductor switch that uses a monostable multivibrator circuit" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why are optoisolators often used in conjunction with solid-state circuits that control 120 VAC circuits?", + "answers": [ + "Optoisolators provide a low-impedance link between a control circuit and a power circuit", + "Optoisolators provide impedance matching between the control circuit and power circuit", + "Optoisolators provide an electrical isolation between a control circuit and the circuit being switched", + "Optoisolators eliminate the effects of reflected light in the control circuit" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell?", + "answers": [ + "The output RF power divided by the input DC power", + "The output in lumens divided by the input power in watts", + "The open-circuit voltage divided by the short-circuit current under full illumination", + "The relative fraction of light that is converted to current" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the most common material used in power-generating photovoltaic cells?", + "answers": [ + "Selenium", + "Silicon", + "Cadmium sulfide", + "Indium arsenide" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate open-circuit voltage produced by a fully illuminated silicon photovoltaic cell?", + "answers": [ + "0.5 volts", + "0.7 volts", + "1.1 volts", + "1.5 volts" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 7, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which circuit is bistable?", + "answers": [ + "An AND gate", + "An OR gate", + "A flip-flop", + "A bipolar amplifier" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of a decade counter?", + "answers": [ + "It produces one output pulse for every 10 input pulses", + "It decodes a decimal number for display on a seven-segment LED display", + "It produces 10 output pulses for every input pulse", + "It decodes a binary number for display on a seven-segment LED display" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can divide the frequency of a pulse train by 2?", + "answers": [ + "An XOR gate", + "A flip-flop", + "An OR gate", + "A multiplexer" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How many flip-flops are required to divide a signal frequency by 16?", + "answers": [ + "4", + "6", + "8", + "16" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following circuits continuously alternates between two states without an external clock signal?", + "answers": [ + "Monostable multivibrator", + "J-K flip-flop", + "T flip-flop", + "Astable multivibrator" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a characteristic of a monostable multivibrator?", + "answers": [ + "It switches temporarily to an alternate state for a set time", + "It produces a continuous square wave", + "It stores one bit of data", + "It maintains a constant output voltage, regardless of variations in the input voltage" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What logical operation does a NAND gate perform?", + "answers": [ + "It produces a 0 at its output only if all inputs are 0", + "It produces a 1 at its output only if all inputs are 1", + "It produces a 0 at its output if some but not all inputs are 1", + "It produces a 0 at its output only if all inputs are 1" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What logical operation does an OR gate perform?", + "answers": [ + "It produces a 1 at its output if any input is 1", + "It produces a 0 at its output if all inputs are 1", + "It produces a 0 at its output if some but not all inputs are 1", + "It produces a 1 at its output if all inputs are 0" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What logical operation is performed by a two-input exclusive NOR gate?", + "answers": [ + "It produces a 0 at its output only if all inputs are 0", + "It produces a 1 at its output only if all inputs are 1", + "It produces a 0 at its output if one and only one of its inputs is 1", + "It produces a 1 at its output if one and only one input is 1" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a truth table?", + "answers": [ + "A list of inputs and corresponding outputs for an op-amp", + "A list of inputs and corresponding outputs for a digital device", + "A diagram showing logic states when the digital gate output is true", + "A table of logic symbols that indicate the logic states of an op-amp" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What does “positive logic” mean in reference to logic devices?", + "answers": [ + "The logic devices have high noise immunity", + "High voltage represents a 1, low voltage a 0", + "The logic circuit is in the “true” condition", + "1s and 0s are defined as different positive voltage levels" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "For what portion of the signal cycle does each active element in a push-pull, Class AB amplifier conduct?", + "answers": [ + "More than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees", + "Exactly 180 degrees", + "The entire cycle", + "Less than 180 degrees" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is a Class D amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "An amplifier that uses switching technology to achieve high efficiency", + "A low power amplifier that uses a differential amplifier for improved linearity", + "An amplifier that uses drift-mode FETs for high efficiency", + "An amplifier biased to be relatively free from distortion" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What circuit is required at the output of an RF switching amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "A filter to remove harmonic content", + "A high-pass filter to compensate for low gain at low frequencies", + "A matched load resistor to prevent damage by switching transients", + "A temperature compensating load resistor to improve linearity" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the operating point of a Class A common emitter amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "Approximately halfway between saturation and cutoff", + "Approximately halfway between the emitter voltage and the base voltage", + "At a point where the bias resistor equals the load resistor", + "At a point where the load line intersects the zero bias current curve" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What can be done to prevent unwanted oscillations in an RF power amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "Tune the stage for minimum loading", + "Tune both the input and output for maximum power", + "Install parasitic suppressors and/or neutralize the stage", + "Use a phase inverter in the output filter" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a characteristic of a grounded-grid amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "High power gain", + "Low input impedance", + "High electrostatic damage protection", + "Low bandwidth" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the likely result of using a Class C amplifier to amplify a single-sideband phone signal?", + "answers": [ + "Reduced intermodulation products", + "Increased overall intelligibility", + "Reduced third-order intermodulation", + "Signal distortion and excessive bandwidth" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why are switching amplifiers more efficient than linear amplifiers?", + "answers": [ + "Switching amplifiers operate at higher voltages", + "The switching device is at saturation or cutoff most of the time", + "Linear amplifiers have high gain resulting in higher harmonic content", + "Switching amplifiers use push-pull circuits" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is characteristic of an emitter follower (or common collector) amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "Low input impedance and phase inversion from input to output", + "Differential inputs and single output", + "Acts as an OR circuit if one input is grounded", + "Input and output signals in-phase" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "In Figure E7-1, what is the purpose of R1 and R2?", + "answers": [ + "Load resistors", + "Voltage divider bias", + "Self bias", + "Feedback" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "E7-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "In Figure E7-1, what is the purpose of R3?", + "answers": [ + "Fixed bias", + "Emitter bypass", + "Output load resistor", + "Self bias" + ], + "correct": 3, + "image_path": "E7-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "What type of amplifier circuit is shown in Figure E7-1?", + "answers": [ + "Common base", + "Common collector", + "Common emitter", + "Emitter follower" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "E7-1.png" + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "How are the capacitors and inductors of a low-pass filter Pi-network arranged between the network’s input and output?", + "answers": [ + "Two inductors are in series between the input and output, and a capacitor is connected between the two inductors and ground", + "Two capacitors are in series between the input and output, and an inductor is connected between the two capacitors and ground", + "An inductor is connected between the input and ground, another inductor is connected between the output and ground, and a capacitor is connected between the input and output", + "A capacitor is connected between the input and ground, another capacitor is connected between the output and ground, and an inductor is connected between the input and output" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the frequency response of a T-network with series capacitors and a shunt inductor?", + "answers": [ + "Low-pass", + "High-pass", + "Band-pass", + "Notch" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of adding an inductor to a Pi-network to create a Pi-L-network?", + "answers": [ + "Greater harmonic suppression", + "Higher efficiency", + "To eliminate one capacitor", + "Greater transformation range" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does an impedance-matching circuit transform a complex impedance to a resistive impedance?", + "answers": [ + "It introduces negative resistance to cancel the resistive part of impedance", + "It introduces transconductance to cancel the reactive part of impedance", + "It cancels the reactive part of the impedance and changes the resistive part to the desired value", + "Reactive currents are dissipated in matched resistances" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which filter type has ripple in the passband and a sharp cutoff?", + "answers": [ + "A Butterworth filter", + "An active LC filter", + "A passive op-amp filter", + "A Chebyshev filter" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What are the characteristics of an elliptical filter?", + "answers": [ + "Gradual passband rolloff with minimal stop-band ripple", + "Extremely flat response over its pass band with gradually rounded stop-band corners", + "Extremely sharp cutoff with one or more notches in the stop band", + "Gradual passband rolloff with extreme stop-band ripple" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which describes a Pi-L network?", + "answers": [ + "A Phase Inverter Load network", + "A Pi-network with an additional output series inductor", + "A network with only three discrete parts", + "A matching network in which all components are isolated from ground" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is most frequently used as a band-pass or notch filter in VHF and UHF transceivers?", + "answers": [ + "A Sallen-Key filter", + "A helical filter", + "A swinging choke filter", + "A finite impulse response filter" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is a crystal lattice filter?", + "answers": [ + "A power supply filter made with interlaced quartz crystals", + "An audio filter made with four quartz crystals that resonate at 1 kHz intervals", + "A filter using lattice-shaped quartz crystals for high-Q performance", + "A filter for low-level signals made using quartz crystals" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following filters is used in a 2-meter band repeater duplexer?", + "answers": [ + "A crystal filter", + "A cavity filter", + "A DSP filter", + "An L-C filter" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following measures a filter’s ability to reject signals in adjacent channels?", + "answers": [ + "Passband ripple", + "Phase response", + "Shape factor", + "Noise factor" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "How does a linear electronic voltage regulator work?", + "answers": [ + "It has a ramp voltage as its output", + "It eliminates the need for a pass transistor", + "The control element duty cycle is proportional to the line or load conditions", + "The conduction of a control element is varied to maintain a constant output voltage" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How does a switchmode voltage regulator work?", + "answers": [ + "By alternating the output between positive and negative voltages", + "By varying the duty cycle of pulses input to a filter", + "By varying the conductivity of a pass element", + "By switching between two Zener diode reference voltages" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What device is used as a stable voltage reference?", + "answers": [ + "A Zener diode", + "A digital-to-analog converter", + "An SCR", + "An analog-to-digital converter" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a three-terminal voltage regulator?", + "answers": [ + "A series current source", + "A series regulator", + "A shunt regulator", + "A shunt current source" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of linear voltage regulator operates by loading the unregulated voltage source?", + "answers": [ + "A constant current source", + "A series regulator", + "A shunt current source", + "A shunt regulator" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of Q1 in the circuit shown in Figure E7-2?", + "answers": [ + "It provides negative feedback to improve regulation", + "It provides a constant load for the voltage source", + "It controls the current to keep the output voltage constant", + "It provides regulation by switching or “chopping” the input DC voltage" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "E7-2.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of C2 in the circuit shown in Figure E7-2?", + "answers": [ + "It bypasses rectifier output ripple around D1", + "It is a brute force filter for the output", + "To prevent self-oscillation", + "To provide fixed DC bias for Q1" + ], + "correct": 0, + "image_path": "E7-2.png" + }, + { + "question": "What type of circuit is shown in Figure E7-2?", + "answers": [ + "Switching voltage regulator", + "Common emitter amplifier", + "Linear voltage regulator", + "Common base amplifier" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "E7-2.png" + }, + { + "question": "How is battery operating time calculated?", + "answers": [ + "Average current divided by capacity in amp-hours", + "Average current divided by internal resistance", + "Capacity in amp-hours divided by average current", + "Internal resistance divided by average current" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why is a switching type power supply less expensive and lighter than an equivalent linear power supply?", + "answers": [ + "The inverter design does not require an output filter circuit", + "The control circuitry uses less current, therefore smaller heat sinks are required", + "The high frequency inverter design uses much smaller transformers and filter components for an equivalent power output", + "It recovers power from the unused portion of the AC cycle, thus using fewer components" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of an inverter connected to a solar panel output?", + "answers": [ + "Reduce AC ripple on the output", + "Maintain voltage with varying illumination levels", + "Prevent discharge when panel is not illuminated", + "Convert the panel’s output from DC to AC" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the dropout voltage of a linear voltage regulator?", + "answers": [ + "Minimum input voltage for rated power dissipation", + "Maximum output voltage drop when the input voltage is varied over its specified range", + "Minimum input-to-output voltage required to maintain regulation", + "Maximum that the output voltage may decrease at rated load" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following calculates power dissipated by a series linear voltage regulator?", + "answers": [ + "Input voltage multiplied by input current", + "Input voltage divided by output current", + "Voltage difference from input to output multiplied by output current", + "Output voltage multiplied by output current" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of connecting equal-value resistors across power supply filter capacitors connected in series?", + "answers": [ + "Equalize the voltage across each capacitor", + "Discharge the capacitors when voltage is removed", + "Provide a minimum load on the supply", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a step-start circuit in a high-voltage power supply?", + "answers": [ + "To provide a dual-voltage output for reduced power applications", + "To compensate for variations of the incoming line voltage", + "To prevent arcing across the input power switch or relay contacts", + "To allow the filter capacitors to charge gradually" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "E", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following can be used to generate FM phone signals?", + "answers": [ + "Balanced modulation of the audio amplifier", + "Reactance modulation of a local oscillator", + "Reactance modulation of the final amplifier", + "Balanced modulation of a local oscillator" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of a reactance modulator?", + "answers": [ + "Produce PM or FM signals by varying a resistance", + "Produce AM signals by varying an inductance", + "Produce AM signals by varying a resistance", + "Produce PM or FM signals by varying a capacitance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a frequency discriminator?", + "answers": [ + "An FM generator circuit", + "A circuit for filtering closely adjacent signals", + "An automatic band-switching circuit", + "A circuit for detecting FM signals" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is one way to produce a single-sideband phone signal?", + "answers": [ + "Use a balanced modulator followed by a filter", + "Use a reactance modulator followed by a mixer", + "Use a loop modulator followed by a mixer", + "Use a product detector with a DSB signal" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is added to an FM speech channel to boost the higher audio frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "A de-emphasis network", + "A harmonic enhancer", + "A heterodyne enhancer", + "A pre-emphasis network" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why is de-emphasis used in FM communications receivers?", + "answers": [ + "For compatibility with transmitters using phase modulation", + "To reduce impulse noise reception", + "For higher efficiency", + "To remove third-order distortion products" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by the term “baseband” in radio communications?", + "answers": [ + "The lowest frequency band that the transmitter or receiver covers", + "The frequency range occupied by a message signal prior to modulation", + "The unmodulated bandwidth of the transmitted signal", + "The basic oscillator frequency in an FM transmitter that is multiplied to increase the deviation and carrier frequency" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What are the principal frequencies that appear at the output of a mixer?", + "answers": [ + "Two and four times the input frequency", + "The square root of the product of input frequencies", + "The two input frequencies along with their sum and difference frequencies", + "1.414 and 0.707 times the input frequency" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What occurs when the input signal levels to a mixer are too high?", + "answers": [ + "Spurious mixer products are generated", + "Mixer blanking occurs", + "Automatic limiting occurs", + "Excessive AGC voltage levels are generated" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does a diode envelope detector function?", + "answers": [ + "By rectification and filtering of RF signals", + "By breakdown of the Zener voltage", + "By mixing signals with noise in the transition region of the diode", + "By sensing the change of reactance in the diode with respect to frequency" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which type of detector is used for demodulating SSB signals?", + "answers": [ + "Discriminator", + "Phase detector", + "Product detector", + "Phase comparator" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "F", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is meant by “direct sampling” in software defined radios?", + "answers": [ + "Software is converted from source code to object code during operation of the receiver", + "I and Q signals are generated by digital processing without the use of RF amplification", + "Incoming RF is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter without being mixed with a local oscillator signal", + "A switching mixer is used to generate I and Q signals directly from the RF input" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What kind of digital signal processing audio filter is used to remove unwanted noise from a received SSB signal?", + "answers": [ + "An adaptive filter", + "A crystal-lattice filter", + "A Hilbert-transform filter", + "A phase-inverting filter" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What type of digital signal processing filter is used to generate an SSB signal?", + "answers": [ + "An adaptive filter", + "A notch filter", + "A Hilbert-transform filter", + "An elliptical filter" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which method generates an SSB signal using digital signal processing?", + "answers": [ + "Mixing products are converted to voltages and subtracted by adder circuits", + "A frequency synthesizer removes unwanted sidebands", + "Varying quartz crystal characteristics are emulated in digital form", + "Signals are combined in quadrature phase relationship" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How frequently must an analog signal be sampled to be accurately reproduced?", + "answers": [ + "At least half the rate of the highest frequency component of the signal", + "At least twice the rate of the highest frequency component of the signal", + "At the same rate as the highest frequency component of the signal", + "At four times the rate of the highest frequency component of the signal" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the minimum number of bits required to sample a signal with a range of 1 volt at a resolution of 1 millivolt?", + "answers": [ + "4 bits", + "6 bits", + "8 bits", + "10 bits" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What function is performed by a Fast Fourier Transform?", + "answers": [ + "Converting analog signals to digital form", + "Converting digital signals to analog form", + "Converting signals from the time domain to the frequency domain", + "Converting signals from the frequency domain to the time domain" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of decimation?", + "answers": [ + "Converting data to binary-coded decimal form", + "Reducing the effective sample rate by removing samples", + "Attenuating the signal", + "Removing unnecessary significant digits" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why is an anti-aliasing filter required in a decimator?", + "answers": [ + "It removes high-frequency signal components that would otherwise be reproduced as lower frequency components", + "It peaks the response of the decimator, improving bandwidth", + "It removes low-frequency signal components to eliminate the need for DC restoration", + "It notches out the sampling frequency to avoid sampling errors" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What aspect of receiver analog-to-digital conversion determines the maximum receive bandwidth of a direct-sampling software defined radio (SDR)?", + "answers": [ + "Sample rate", + "Sample width in bits", + "Integral non-linearity", + "Differential non-linearity" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What sets the minimum detectable signal level for a direct-sampling software defined receiver in the absence of atmospheric or thermal noise?", + "answers": [ + "Sample clock phase noise", + "Reference voltage level and sample width in bits", + "Data storage transfer rate", + "Missing codes and jitter" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is generally true of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters?", + "answers": [ + "FIR filters can delay all frequency components of the signal by the same amount", + "FIR filters are easier to implement for a given set of passband rolloff requirements", + "FIR filters can respond faster to impulses", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of taps in a digital signal processing filter?", + "answers": [ + "To reduce excess signal pressure levels", + "Provide access for debugging software", + "Select the point at which baseband signals are generated", + "Provide incremental signal delays for filter algorithms" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following would allow a digital signal processing filter to create a sharper filter response?", + "answers": [ + "Higher data rate", + "More taps", + "Lower Q", + "Double-precision math routines" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "G", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the typical output impedance of an op-amp?", + "answers": [ + "Very low", + "Very high", + "100 ohms", + "10,000 ohms" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the frequency response of the circuit in E7-3 if a capacitor is added across the feedback resistor?", + "answers": [ + "High-pass filter", + "Low-pass filter", + "Band-pass filter", + "Notch filter" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the typical input impedance of an op-amp?", + "answers": [ + "100 ohms", + "10,000 ohms", + "Very low", + "Very high" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by the term “op-amp input offset voltage”?", + "answers": [ + "The output voltage of the op-amp minus its input voltage", + "The difference between the output voltage of the op-amp and the input voltage required in the immediately following stage", + "The differential input voltage needed to bring the open loop output voltage to zero", + "The potential between the amplifier input terminals of the op-amp in an open loop condition" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How can unwanted ringing and audio instability be prevented in an op-amp audio filter?", + "answers": [ + "Restrict both gain and Q", + "Restrict gain but increase Q", + "Restrict Q but increase gain", + "Increase both gain and Q" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the gain-bandwidth of an operational amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "The maximum frequency for a filter circuit using that type of amplifier", + "The frequency at which the open-loop gain of the amplifier equals one", + "The gain of the amplifier at a filter’s cutoff frequency", + "The frequency at which the amplifier’s offset voltage is zero" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7‑3 when R1 is 10 ohms and RF is 470 ohms?", + "answers": [ + "0.21", + "4700", + "47", + "24" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "E7\ufffd\ufffd.png" + }, + { + "question": "How does the gain of an ideal operational amplifier vary with frequency?", + "answers": [ + "It increases linearly with increasing frequency", + "It decreases linearly with increasing frequency", + "It decreases logarithmically with increasing frequency", + "It does not vary with frequency" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What will be the output voltage of the circuit shown in Figure E7-3 if R1 is 1,000 ohms, RF is 10,000 ohms, and 0.23 volts DC is applied to the input?", + "answers": [ + "0.23 volts", + "2.3 volts", + "-0.23 volts", + "-2.3 volts" + ], + "correct": 3, + "image_path": "E7-3.png" + }, + { + "question": "What absolute voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-3 when R1 is 1,800 ohms and RF is 68 kilohms?", + "answers": [ + "1", + "0.03", + "38", + "76" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "E7-3.png" + }, + { + "question": "What absolute voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-3 when R1 is 3,300 ohms and RF is 47 kilohms?", + "answers": [ + "28", + "14", + "7", + "0.07" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "E7-3.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is an operational amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "A high-gain, direct-coupled differential amplifier with very high input impedance and very low output impedance", + "A digital audio amplifier whose characteristics are determined by components external to the amplifier", + "An amplifier used to increase the average output of frequency modulated amateur signals to the legal limit", + "A RF amplifier used in the UHF and microwave regions" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "H", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What are three common oscillator circuits?", + "answers": [ + "Taft, Pierce, and negative feedback", + "Pierce, Fenner, and Beane", + "Taft, Hartley, and Pierce", + "Colpitts, Hartley, and Pierce" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a microphonic?", + "answers": [ + "An IC used for amplifying microphone signals", + "Distortion caused by RF pickup on the microphone cable", + "Changes in oscillator frequency caused by mechanical vibration", + "Excess loading of the microphone by an oscillator" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a phase-locked loop?", + "answers": [ + "An electronic servo loop consisting of a ratio detector, reactance modulator, and voltage-controlled oscillator", + "An electronic circuit also known as a monostable multivibrator", + "An electronic servo loop consisting of a phase detector, a low-pass filter, a voltage-controlled oscillator, and a stable reference oscillator", + "An electronic circuit consisting of a precision push-pull amplifier with a differential phase input" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How is positive feedback supplied in a Colpitts oscillator?", + "answers": [ + "Through a tapped coil", + "Through link coupling", + "Through a capacitive divider", + "Through a neutralizing capacitor" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How is positive feedback supplied in a Pierce oscillator?", + "answers": [ + "Through a tapped coil", + "Through link coupling", + "Through a neutralizing capacitor", + "Through a quartz crystal" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these functions can be performed by a phase-locked loop?", + "answers": [ + "Wide-band AF and RF power amplification", + "Frequency synthesis and FM demodulation", + "Photovoltaic conversion and optical coupling", + "Comparison of two digital input signals and digital pulse counting" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How can an oscillator’s microphonic responses be reduced?", + "answers": [ + "Use NP0 capacitors", + "Reduce noise on the oscillator’s power supply", + "Increase the gain", + "Mechanically isolate the oscillator circuitry from its enclosure" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following components can be used to reduce thermal drift in crystal oscillators?", + "answers": [ + "NP0 capacitors", + "Toroidal inductors", + "Wirewound resistors", + "Non-inductive resistors" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What type of frequency synthesizer circuit uses a phase accumulator, lookup table, digital-to-analog converter, and a low-pass anti-alias filter?", + "answers": [ + "A direct digital synthesizer", + "A hybrid synthesizer", + "A phase-locked loop synthesizer", + "A direct conversion synthesizer" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What information is contained in the lookup table of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS)?", + "answers": [ + "The phase relationship between a reference oscillator and the output waveform", + "Amplitude values that represent the desired waveform", + "The phase relationship between a voltage-controlled oscillator and the output waveform", + "Frequently used receiver and transmitter frequencies" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What are the major spectral impurity components of direct digital synthesizers?", + "answers": [ + "Broadband noise", + "Digital conversion noise", + "Spurious signals at discrete frequencies", + "Harmonics of the local oscillator" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following ensures that a crystal oscillator operates on the frequency specified by the crystal manufacturer?", + "answers": [ + "Provide the crystal with a specified parallel inductance", + "Provide the crystal with a specified parallel capacitance", + "Bias the crystal at a specified voltage", + "Bias the crystal at a specified current" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a technique for providing highly accurate and stable oscillators needed for microwave transmission and reception?", + "answers": [ + "Use a GPS signal reference", + "Use a rubidium stabilized reference oscillator", + "Use a temperature-controlled high Q dielectric resonator", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 8, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What technique shows that a square wave is made up of a sine wave and its odd harmonics?", + "answers": [ + "Fourier analysis", + "Vector analysis", + "Numerical analysis", + "Differential analysis" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a type of analog-to-digital conversion?", + "answers": [ + "Successive approximation", + "Harmonic regeneration", + "Level shifting", + "Phase reversal" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a signal in the time domain?", + "answers": [ + "Power at intervals of phase", + "Amplitude at different times", + "Frequency at different times", + "Discrete impulses in time order" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is “dither” with respect to analog-to-digital converters?", + "answers": [ + "An abnormal condition where the converter cannot settle on a value to represent the signal", + "A small amount of noise added to the input signal to reduce quantization noise", + "An error caused by irregular quantization step size", + "A method of decimation by randomly skipping samples" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the benefit of making voltage measurements with a true-RMS calculating meter?", + "answers": [ + "An inverse Fourier transform can be used", + "The signal’s RMS noise factor is also calculated", + "The calculated RMS value can be converted directly into phasor form", + "RMS is measured for both sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal signals" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate ratio of PEP-to-average power in an unprocessed single-sideband phone signal?", + "answers": [ + "2.5 to 1", + "25 to 1", + "1 to 1", + "13 to 1" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What determines the PEP-to-average power ratio of an unprocessed single-sideband phone signal?", + "answers": [ + "The frequency of the modulating signal", + "Speech characteristics", + "The degree of carrier suppression", + "Amplifier gain" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why are direct or flash conversion analog-to-digital converters used for a software defined radio?", + "answers": [ + "Very low power consumption decreases frequency drift", + "Immunity to out-of-sequence coding reduces spurious responses", + "Very high speed allows digitizing high frequencies", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How many different input levels can be encoded by an analog-to-digital converter with 8-bit resolution?", + "answers": [ + "8", + "8 multiplied by the gain of the input amplifier", + "256 divided by the gain of the input amplifier", + "256" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a low-pass filter used at the output of a digital-to-analog converter?", + "answers": [ + "Lower the input bandwidth to increase the effective resolution", + "Improve accuracy by removing out-of-sequence codes from the input", + "Remove spurious sampling artifacts from the output signal", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a measure of the quality of an analog-to-digital converter?", + "answers": [ + "Total harmonic distortion", + "Peak envelope power", + "Reciprocal mixing", + "Power factor" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the modulation index of an FM signal?", + "answers": [ + "The ratio of frequency deviation to modulating signal frequency", + "The ratio of modulating signal amplitude to frequency deviation", + "The modulating signal frequency divided by the bandwidth of the transmitted signal", + "The bandwidth of the transmitted signal divided by the modulating signal frequency" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does the modulation index of a phase-modulated emission vary with RF carrier frequency?", + "answers": [ + "It increases as the RF carrier frequency increases", + "It decreases as the RF carrier frequency increases", + "It varies with the square root of the RF carrier frequency", + "It does not depend on the RF carrier frequency" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the modulation index of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency deviation of 3000 Hz either side of the carrier frequency if the highest modulating frequency is 1000 Hz?", + "answers": [ + "3", + "0.3", + "6", + "0.6" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the modulation index of an FM phone signal having a maximum carrier deviation of plus or minus 6 kHz if the highest modulating frequency is 2 kHz?", + "answers": [ + "0.3", + "3", + "0.6", + "6" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the deviation ratio of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 5 kHz if the highest modulation frequency is 3 kHz?", + "answers": [ + "6", + "0.167", + "0.6", + "1.67" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the deviation ratio of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 7.5 kHz if the highest modulation frequency is 3.5 kHz?", + "answers": [ + "2.14", + "0.214", + "0.47", + "47" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique used for which types of amateur communication?", + "answers": [ + "Digital modes", + "Extremely low-power contacts", + "EME", + "OFDM signals are not allowed on amateur bands" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What describes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)?", + "answers": [ + "A frequency modulation technique that uses non-harmonically related frequencies", + "A bandwidth compression technique using Fourier transforms", + "A digital mode for narrow-band, slow-speed transmissions", + "A digital modulation technique using subcarriers at frequencies chosen to avoid intersymbol interference" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is deviation ratio?", + "answers": [ + "The ratio of the audio modulating frequency to the center carrier frequency", + "The ratio of the maximum carrier frequency deviation to the highest audio modulating frequency", + "The ratio of the carrier center frequency to the audio modulating frequency", + "The ratio of the highest audio modulating frequency to the average audio modulating frequency" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is frequency division multiplexing (FDM)?", + "answers": [ + "The transmitted signal jumps from band to band at a predetermined rate", + "Dividing the transmitted signal into separate frequency bands that each carry a different data stream", + "The transmitted signal is divided into packets of information", + "Two or more information streams are merged into a digital combiner, which then pulse position modulates the transmitter" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is digital time division multiplexing?", + "answers": [ + "Two or more data streams are assigned to discrete sub-carriers on an FM transmitter", + "Two or more signals are arranged to share discrete time slots of a data transmission", + "Two or more data streams share the same channel by transmitting time of transmission as the sub-carrier", + "Two or more signals are quadrature modulated to increase bandwidth efficiency" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM?", + "answers": [ + "A technique for digital data compression used in digital television which removes redundancy in the data by comparing bit amplitudes", + "Transmission of data by modulating the amplitude of two carriers of the same frequency but 90 degrees out of phase", + "A method of performing single sideband modulation by shifting the phase of the carrier and modulation components of the signal", + "A technique for analog modulation of television video signals using phase modulation and compression" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the definition of symbol rate in a digital transmission?", + "answers": [ + "The number of control characters in a message packet", + "The maximum rate at which the forward error correction code can make corrections", + "The rate at which the waveform changes to convey information", + "The number of characters carried per second by the station-to-station link" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why should the phase of a PSK signal be changed at the zero crossing of the RF signal?", + "answers": [ + "To minimize bandwidth", + "To simplify modulation", + "To improve carrier suppression", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What technique minimizes the bandwidth of a PSK31 signal?", + "answers": [ + "Zero-sum character encoding", + "Reed-Solomon character encoding", + "Use of sinusoidal data pulses", + "Use of linear data pulses" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate bandwidth of a 13-WPM International Morse Code transmission?", + "answers": [ + "13 Hz", + "26 Hz", + "52 Hz", + "104 Hz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the bandwidth of an FT8 signal?", + "answers": [ + "10 Hz", + "50 Hz", + "600 Hz", + "2.4 kHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the bandwidth of a 4,800-Hz frequency shift, 9,600-baud ASCII FM transmission?", + "answers": [ + "15.36 kHz", + "9.6 kHz", + "4.8 kHz", + "5.76 kHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does ARQ accomplish error correction?", + "answers": [ + "Special binary codes provide automatic correction", + "Special polynomial codes provide automatic correction", + "If errors are detected, redundant data is substituted", + "If errors are detected, a retransmission is requested" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which digital code allows only one bit to change between sequential code values?", + "answers": [ + "Binary Coded Decimal Code", + "Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code", + "Extended ASCII", + "Gray code" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How can data rate be increased without increasing bandwidth?", + "answers": [ + "It is impossible", + "Increasing analog-to-digital conversion resolution", + "Using a more efficient digital code", + "Using forward error correction" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between symbol rate and baud?", + "answers": [ + "They are the same", + "Baud is twice the symbol rate", + "Baud rate is half the symbol rate", + "The relationship depends on the specific code used" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What factors affect the bandwidth of a transmitted CW signal?", + "answers": [ + "IF bandwidth and Q", + "Modulation index and output power", + "Keying speed and shape factor (rise and fall time)", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is described by the constellation diagram of a QAM or QPSK signal?", + "answers": [ + "How many carriers may be present at the same time", + "The possible phase and amplitude states for each symbol", + "Frequency response of the signal stream", + "The number of bits used for error correction in the protocol" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What type of addresses do nodes have in a mesh network?", + "answers": [ + "Email", + "Trust server", + "Internet Protocol (IP)", + "Talk group" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What technique do individual nodes use to form a mesh network?", + "answers": [ + "Forward error correction and Viterbi codes", + "Acting as store-and-forward digipeaters", + "Discovery and link establishment protocols", + "Custom code plugs for the local trunking systems" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Why are received spread spectrum signals resistant to interference?", + "answers": [ + "Signals not using the spread spectrum algorithm are suppressed in the receiver", + "The high power used by a spread spectrum transmitter keeps its signal from being easily overpowered", + "Built-in error correction codes minimize interference", + "If the receiver detects interference, it will signal the transmitter to change frequencies" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What spread spectrum communications technique uses a high-speed binary bit stream to shift the phase of an RF carrier?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency hopping", + "Direct sequence", + "Binary phase-shift keying", + "Phase compandored spread spectrum" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which describes spread spectrum frequency hopping?", + "answers": [ + "If interference is detected by the receiver, it will signal the transmitter to change frequencies", + "RF signals are clipped to generate a wide band of harmonics which provides redundancy to correct errors", + "A binary bit stream is used to shift the phase of an RF carrier very rapidly in a pseudorandom sequence", + "Rapidly varying the frequency of a transmitted signal according to a pseudorandom sequence" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the primary effect of extremely short rise or fall time on a CW signal?", + "answers": [ + "More difficult to copy", + "The generation of RF harmonics", + "The generation of key clicks", + "More difficult to tune" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the most common method of reducing key clicks?", + "answers": [ + "Increase keying waveform rise and fall times", + "Insert low-pass filters at the transmitter output", + "Reduce keying waveform rise and fall times", + "Insert high-pass filters at the transmitter output" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the advantage of including parity bits in ASCII characters?", + "answers": [ + "Faster transmission rate", + "Signal-to-noise ratio is improved", + "A larger character set is available", + "Some types of errors can be detected" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a common cause of overmodulation of AFSK signals?", + "answers": [ + "Excessive numbers of retries", + "Excessive frequency deviation", + "Bit errors in the modem", + "Excessive transmit audio levels" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What parameter evaluates distortion of an AFSK signal caused by excessive input audio levels?", + "answers": [ + "Signal-to-noise ratio", + "Baud error rate", + "Repeat Request Rate (RRR)", + "Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is considered an acceptable maximum IMD level for an idling PSK signal?", + "answers": [ + "+5 dB", + "+10 dB", + "+15 dB", + "-30 dB" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What are some of the differences between the Baudot digital code and ASCII?", + "answers": [ + "Baudot uses 4 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 1 character as a letters/figures shift code, ASCII has no letters/figures code", + "Baudot uses 5 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 2 characters as letters/figures shift codes, ASCII has no letters/figures shift code", + "Baudot uses 6 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot has no letters/figures shift code, ASCII uses 2 letters/figures shift codes", + "Baudot uses 7 data bits per character, ASCII uses 8; Baudot has no letters/figures shift code, ASCII uses 2 letters/figures shift codes" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is one advantage of using ASCII code for data communications?", + "answers": [ + "It includes built-in error correction features", + "It contains fewer information bits per character than any other code", + "It is possible to transmit both uppercase and lowercase text", + "It uses one character as a shift code to send numeric and special characters" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 9, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is an isotropic radiator?", + "answers": [ + "A calibrated, unidirectional antenna used to make precise antenna gain measurements", + "An omnidirectional, horizontally polarized, precisely calibrated antenna used to make field measurements of antenna gain", + "A hypothetical, lossless antenna having equal radiation intensity in all directions used as a reference for antenna gain", + "A spacecraft antenna used to direct signals toward Earth" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater station with 150 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.2 dB duplexer loss, and 7 dBd antenna gain?", + "answers": [ + "469 watts", + "78.7 watts", + "420 watts", + "286 watts" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What term describing total radiated power takes into account all gains and losses?", + "answers": [ + "Power factor", + "Half-power bandwidth", + "Effective radiated power", + "Apparent power" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following factors affect the feed point impedance of an antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Transmission line length", + "Antenna height", + "The settings of an antenna tuner at the transmitter", + "The input power level" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What does the term “ground gain” mean?", + "answers": [ + "The change in signal strength caused by grounding the antenna", + "The gain of the antenna with respect to a dipole at ground level", + "To force net gain to 0 dB by grounding part of the antenna", + "An increase in signal strength from ground reflections in the environment of the antenna" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 4 dB feed line loss, 3.2 dB duplexer loss, 0.8 dB circulator loss, and 10 dBd antenna gain?", + "answers": [ + "317 watts", + "2,000 watts", + "126 watts", + "300 watts" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.8 dB duplexer loss, 1.2 dB circulator loss, and 7 dBi antenna gain?", + "answers": [ + "159 watts", + "252 watts", + "632 watts", + "63.2 watts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which frequency band has the smallest first Fresnel zone?", + "answers": [ + "5.8 GHz", + "3.4 GHz", + "2.4 GHz", + "900 MHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is antenna efficiency?", + "answers": [ + "Radiation resistance divided by transmission resistance", + "Radiation resistance divided by total resistance", + "Total resistance divided by radiation resistance", + "Effective radiated power divided by transmitter output" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following improves the efficiency of a ground-mounted quarter-wave vertical antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Installing a ground radial system", + "Isolating the coax shield from ground", + "Shortening the radiating element", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following determines ground losses for a ground-mounted vertical antenna operating on HF?", + "answers": [ + "The standing wave ratio", + "Distance from the transmitter", + "Soil conductivity", + "Take-off angle" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How much gain does an antenna have compared to a half-wavelength dipole if it has 6 dB gain over an isotropic radiator?", + "answers": [ + "3.85 dB", + "6.0 dB", + "8.15 dB", + "2.79 dB" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1?", + "answers": [ + "75 degrees", + "50 degrees", + "25 degrees", + "30 degrees" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "E9-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is the front-to-back ratio of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1?", + "answers": [ + "36 dB", + "14 dB", + "24 dB", + "18 dB" + ], + "correct": 3, + "image_path": "E9-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is the front-to-side ratio of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1?", + "answers": [ + "12 dB", + "24 dB", + "18 dB", + "14 dB" + ], + "correct": 3, + "image_path": "E9-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is the front-to-back ratio of the radiation pattern shown in Figure E9‑2?", + "answers": [ + "15 dB", + "28 dB", + "3 dB", + "38 dB" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "E9\ufffd\ufffd.png" + }, + { + "question": "What type of antenna pattern is shown in Figure E9-2?", + "answers": [ + "Elevation", + "Azimuth", + "Near field", + "Polarization" + ], + "correct": 0, + "image_path": "E9-2.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is the elevation angle of peak response in the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-2?", + "answers": [ + "45 degrees", + "75 degrees", + "7.5 degrees", + "25 degrees" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "E9-2.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference in radiated power between a lossless antenna with gain and an isotropic radiator driven by the same power?", + "answers": [ + "The power radiated from the directional antenna is increased by the gain of the antenna", + "The power radiated from the directional antenna is stronger by its front-to-back ratio", + "They are the same", + "The power radiated from the isotropic radiator is 2.15 dB greater than that from the directional antenna" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the far field of an antenna?", + "answers": [ + "The region of the ionosphere where radiated power is not refracted", + "The region where radiated power dissipates over a specified time period", + "The region where radiated field strengths are constant", + "The region where the shape of the radiation pattern no longer varies with distance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What type of analysis is commonly used for modeling antennas?", + "answers": [ + "Graphical analysis", + "Method of Moments", + "Mutual impedance analysis", + "Calculus differentiation with respect to physical properties" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the principle of a Method of Moments analysis?", + "answers": [ + "A wire is modeled as a series of segments, each having a uniform value of current", + "A wire is modeled as a single sine-wave current generator", + "A wire is modeled as a single sine-wave voltage source", + "A wire is modeled as a series of segments, each having a distinct value of voltage across it" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is a disadvantage of decreasing the number of wire segments in an antenna model below 10 segments per half-wavelength?", + "answers": [ + "Ground conductivity will not be accurately modeled", + "The resulting design will favor radiation of harmonic energy", + "The computed feed point impedance may be incorrect", + "The antenna will become mechanically unstable" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed 180 degrees out of phase?", + "answers": [ + "Cardioid", + "Omni-directional", + "A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array", + "A figure-eight oriented along the axis of the array" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/4-wavelength apart and fed 90 degrees out of phase?", + "answers": [ + "Cardioid", + "A figure-eight end-fire along the axis of the array", + "A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array", + "Omni-directional" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed in phase?", + "answers": [ + "Omni-directional", + "Cardioid", + "A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array", + "A figure-eight end-fire along the axis of the array" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What happens to the radiation pattern of an unterminated long wire antenna as the wire length is increased?", + "answers": [ + "Fewer lobes form with the major lobes increasing closer to broadside to the wire", + "Additional lobes form with major lobes increasingly aligned with the axis of the antenna", + "The elevation angle increases, and the front-to-rear ratio decreases", + "The elevation angle increases, while the front-to-rear ratio is unaffected" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of feeding an off-center-fed dipole (OCFD) between the center and one end instead of at the midpoint?", + "answers": [ + "To create a similar feed point impedance on multiple bands", + "To suppress off-center lobes at higher frequencies", + "To resonate the antenna across a wider range of frequencies", + "To reduce common-mode current coupling on the feed line shield" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of adding a terminating resistor to a rhombic or long-wire antenna?", + "answers": [ + "It reflects the standing waves on the antenna elements back to the transmitter", + "It changes the radiation pattern from bidirectional to unidirectional", + "It changes the radiation pattern from horizontal to vertical polarization", + "It decreases the ground loss" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate feed point impedance at the center of a two-wire half-wave folded dipole antenna?", + "answers": [ + "300 ohms", + "72 ohms", + "50 ohms", + "450 ohms" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is a folded dipole antenna?", + "answers": [ + "A dipole one-quarter wavelength long", + "A center-fed dipole with the ends folded down 90 degrees at the midpoint of each side", + "A half-wave dipole with an additional parallel wire connecting its two ends", + "A dipole configured to provide forward gain" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a G5RV antenna?", + "answers": [ + "A wire antenna center-fed through a specific length of open-wire line connected to a balun and coaxial feed line", + "A multi-band trap antenna", + "A phased array antenna consisting of multiple loops", + "A wide band dipole using shorted coaxial cable for the radiating elements and fed with a 4:1 balun" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a Zepp antenna?", + "answers": [ + "A horizontal array capable of quickly changing the direction of maximum radiation by changing phasing lines", + "An end-fed half-wavelength dipole", + "An omni-directional antenna commonly used for satellite communications", + "A vertical array capable of quickly changing the direction of maximum radiation by changing phasing lines" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How is the far-field elevation pattern of a vertically polarized antenna affected by being mounted over seawater versus soil?", + "answers": [ + "Radiation at low angles decreases", + "Additional lobes appear at higher elevation angles", + "Separate elevation lobes will combine into a single lobe", + "Radiation at low angles increases" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes an extended double Zepp antenna?", + "answers": [ + "An end-fed full-wave dipole antenna", + "A center-fed 1.5-wavelength dipole antenna", + "A center-fed 1.25-wavelength dipole antenna", + "An end-fed 2-wavelength dipole antenna" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally polarized antenna vary with increasing height above ground?", + "answers": [ + "The takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe increases", + "The takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe decreases", + "The horizontal beamwidth increases", + "The horizontal beamwidth decreases" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally-polarized antenna mounted above a long slope compare with the same antenna mounted above flat ground?", + "answers": [ + "The main lobe takeoff angle increases in the downhill direction", + "The main lobe takeoff angle decreases in the downhill direction", + "The horizontal beamwidth decreases in the downhill direction", + "The horizontal beamwidth increases in the uphill direction" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "How much does the gain of an ideal parabolic reflector antenna increase when the operating frequency is doubled?", + "answers": [ + "2 dB", + "3 dB", + "4 dB", + "6 dB" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How can two linearly polarized Yagi antennas be used to produce circular polarization?", + "answers": [ + "Stack two Yagis to form an array with the respective elements in parallel planes fed 90 degrees out of phase", + "Stack two Yagis to form an array with the respective elements in parallel planes fed in phase", + "Arrange two Yagis on the same axis and perpendicular to each other with the driven elements at the same point on the boom and fed 90 degrees out of phase", + "Arrange two Yagis collinear to each other with the driven elements fed 180 degrees out of phase" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the most efficient location for a loading coil on an electrically short whip?", + "answers": [ + "Near the center of the vertical radiator", + "As low as possible on the vertical radiator", + "At a voltage maximum", + "At a voltage null" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why should antenna loading coils have a high ratio of reactance to resistance?", + "answers": [ + "To swamp out harmonics", + "To lower the radiation angle", + "To maximize efficiency", + "To minimize the Q" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Approximately how long is a Yagi’s driven element?", + "answers": [ + "234 divided by frequency in MHz", + "1005 divided by frequency in MHz", + "1/4 wavelength", + "1/2 wavelength" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What happens to SWR bandwidth when one or more loading coils are used to resonate an electrically short antenna?", + "answers": [ + "It is increased", + "It is decreased", + "It is unchanged if the loading coil is located at the feed point", + "It is unchanged if the loading coil is located at a voltage maximum point" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is an advantage of top loading an electrically short HF vertical antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Lower Q", + "Greater structural strength", + "Higher losses", + "Improved radiation efficiency" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What happens as the Q of an antenna increases?", + "answers": [ + "SWR bandwidth increases", + "SWR bandwidth decreases", + "Gain is reduced", + "More common-mode current is present on the feed line" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of a loading coil in an electrically short antenna?", + "answers": [ + "To increase the SWR bandwidth by increasing net reactance", + "To lower the losses", + "To lower the Q", + "To resonate the antenna by cancelling the capacitive reactance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How does radiation resistance of a base-fed whip antenna change below its resonant frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Radiation resistance increases", + "Radiation resistance decreases", + "Radiation resistance becomes imaginary", + "Radiation resistance does not depend on frequency" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why do most two-element Yagis with normal spacing have a reflector instead of a director?", + "answers": [ + "Lower SWR", + "Higher receiving directivity factor", + "Greater front-to-side", + "Higher gain" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of making a Yagi’s parasitic elements either longer or shorter than resonance?", + "answers": [ + "Wind torque cancellation", + "Mechanical balance", + "Control of phase shift", + "Minimize losses" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "E", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which matching system for Yagi antennas requires the driven element to be insulated from the boom?", + "answers": [ + "Gamma", + "Beta or hairpin", + "Shunt-fed", + "T-match" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What antenna matching system matches coaxial cable to an antenna by connecting the shield to the center of the antenna and the conductor a fraction of a wavelength to one side?", + "answers": [ + "Gamma match", + "Delta match", + "T-match", + "Stub match" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What matching system uses a short length of transmission line connected in parallel with the feed line at or near the feed point?", + "answers": [ + "Gamma match", + "Delta match", + "T-match", + "Stub match" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of the series capacitor in a gamma match?", + "answers": [ + "To provide DC isolation between the feed line and the antenna", + "To cancel unwanted inductive reactance", + "To provide a rejection notch that prevents the radiation of harmonics", + "To transform the antenna impedance to a higher value" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What Yagi driven element feed point impedance is required to use a beta or hairpin matching system?", + "answers": [ + "Capacitive (driven element electrically shorter than 1/2 wavelength)", + "Inductive (driven element electrically longer than 1/2 wavelength)", + "Purely resistive", + "Purely reactive" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these transmission line impedances would be suitable for constructing a quarter-wave Q-section for matching a 100-ohm feed point impedance to a 50-ohm transmission line?", + "answers": [ + "50 ohms", + "62 ohms", + "75 ohms", + "90 ohms" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What parameter describes the interaction of a load and transmission line?", + "answers": [ + "Characteristic impedance", + "Reflection coefficient", + "Velocity factor", + "Dielectric constant" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is a use for a Wilkinson divider?", + "answers": [ + "To divide the operating frequency of a transmitter signal so it can be used on a lower frequency band", + "To feed high-impedance antennas from a low-impedance source", + "To divide power equally between two 50-ohm loads while maintaining 50-ohm input impedance", + "To divide the frequency of the input to a counter to increase its frequency range" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used to shunt feed a grounded tower at its base?", + "answers": [ + "Double-bazooka match", + "Beta or hairpin match", + "Gamma match", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which matching system places an inductance across the feed point of a vertical monopole antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Gamma", + "Shunt-fed", + "Beta or hairpin", + "T-match" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of using multiple driven elements connected through phasing lines?", + "answers": [ + "To control the antenna’s radiation pattern", + "To prevent harmonic radiation from the transmitter", + "To allow single-band antennas to operate on other bands", + "To create a low-angle radiation pattern" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "F", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the velocity factor of a transmission line?", + "answers": [ + "The ratio of its characteristic impedance to its termination impedance", + "The ratio of its termination impedance to its characteristic impedance", + "The velocity of a wave in the transmission line multiplied by the velocity of light in a vacuum", + "The velocity of a wave in the transmission line divided by the velocity of light in a vacuum" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following has the biggest effect on the velocity factor of a transmission line?", + "answers": [ + "The characteristic impedance", + "The transmission line length", + "The insulating dielectric material", + "The center conductor resistivity" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why is the electrical length of a coaxial cable longer than its physical length?", + "answers": [ + "Skin effect is less pronounced in the coaxial cable", + "Skin effect is more pronounced in the coaxial cable", + "Electromagnetic waves move faster in coaxial cable than in air", + "Electromagnetic waves move more slowly in a coaxial cable than in air" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What impedance does a 1/2-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end?", + "answers": [ + "Very high impedance", + "Very low impedance", + "The same as the characteristic impedance of the line", + "The same as the output impedance of the RF generator" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is microstrip?", + "answers": [ + "Special shielding material designed for microwave frequencies", + "Miniature coax used for low power applications", + "Short lengths of coax mounted on printed circuit boards to minimize time delay between microwave circuits", + "Precision printed circuit conductors above a ground plane that provide constant impedance interconnects at microwave frequencies" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate physical length of an air-insulated, parallel conductor transmission line that is electrically 1/2 wavelength long at 14.10 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "7.0 meters", + "8.5 meters", + "10.6 meters", + "13.3 meters" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does parallel conductor transmission line compare to coaxial cable with a plastic dielectric?", + "answers": [ + "Lower loss", + "Higher SWR", + "Smaller reflection coefficient", + "Lower velocity factor" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a significant difference between foam dielectric coaxial cable and solid dielectric coaxial cable, assuming all other parameters are the same?", + "answers": [ + "Foam dielectric coaxial cable has lower safe maximum operating voltage", + "Foam dielectric coaxial cable has lower loss per unit of length", + "Foam dielectric coaxial cable has higher velocity factor", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end?", + "answers": [ + "Very high impedance", + "Very low impedance", + "The same as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line", + "The same as the generator output impedance" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end?", + "answers": [ + "A capacitive reactance", + "The same as the characteristic impedance of the line", + "An inductive reactance", + "Zero" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end?", + "answers": [ + "The same as the characteristic impedance of the line", + "An inductive reactance", + "A capacitive reactance", + "Infinite" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end?", + "answers": [ + "The same as the characteristic impedance of the line", + "The same as the input impedance to the generator", + "Very high impedance", + "Very low impedance" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "G", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following can be calculated using a Smith chart?", + "answers": [ + "Impedance along transmission lines", + "Radiation resistance", + "Antenna radiation pattern", + "Radio propagation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What type of coordinate system is used in a Smith chart?", + "answers": [ + "Voltage circles and current arcs", + "Resistance circles and reactance arcs", + "Voltage chords and current chords", + "Resistance lines and reactance chords" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is often determined using a Smith chart?", + "answers": [ + "Beam headings and radiation patterns", + "Satellite azimuth and elevation bearings", + "Impedance and SWR values in transmission lines", + "Point-to-point propagation reliability as a function of frequency" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What are the two families of circles and arcs that make up a Smith chart?", + "answers": [ + "Inductance and capacitance", + "Reactance and voltage", + "Resistance and reactance", + "Voltage and impedance" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a common use for a Smith chart?", + "answers": [ + "Determine the length and position of an impedance matching stub", + "Determine the impedance of a transmission line, given the physical dimensions", + "Determine the gain of an antenna given the physical and electrical parameters", + "Determine the loss/100 feet of a transmission line, given the velocity factor and conductor materials" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the name for the large outer circle on which the reactance arcs terminate?", + "answers": [ + "Prime axis", + "Reactance axis", + "Impedance axis", + "Polar axis" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "E9-3.png" + }, + { + "question": "On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the only straight line shown?", + "answers": [ + "The reactance axis", + "The current axis", + "The voltage axis", + "The resistance axis" + ], + "correct": 3, + "image_path": "E9-3.png" + }, + { + "question": "How is a Smith chart normalized?", + "answers": [ + "Reassign the reactance axis with resistance values", + "Reassign the resistance axis with reactance values", + "Reassign the prime center’s impedance value", + "Reassign the prime center to the reactance axis" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What third family of circles is often added to a Smith chart during the process of designing impedance matching networks?", + "answers": [ + "Constant-SWR circles", + "Transmission line length circles", + "Coaxial-length circles", + "Radiation-pattern circles" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What do the arcs on a Smith chart represent?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency", + "SWR", + "Points with constant resistance", + "Points with constant reactance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "In what units are the wavelength scales on a Smith chart calibrated?", + "answers": [ + "In fractions of transmission line electrical frequency", + "In fractions of transmission line electrical wavelength", + "In fractions of antenna electrical wavelength", + "In fractions of antenna electrical frequency" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "H", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "When constructing a Beverage antenna, which of the following factors should be included in the design to achieve good performance at the desired frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Its overall length must not exceed 1/4 wavelength", + "It must be mounted more than 1 wavelength above ground", + "It should be configured as a four-sided loop", + "It should be at least one wavelength long" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which is generally true for 160- and 80-meter receiving antennas?", + "answers": [ + "Atmospheric noise is so high that directivity is much more important than losses", + "They must be erected at least 1/2 wavelength above the ground to attain good directivity", + "Low loss coax transmission line is essential for good performance", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is receiving directivity factor (RDF)?", + "answers": [ + "Forward gain compared to the gain in the reverse direction", + "Relative directivity compared to isotropic", + "Relative directivity compared to a dipole", + "Peak antenna gain compared to average gain over the hemisphere around and above the antenna" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of placing an electrostatic shield around a small-loop direction-finding antenna?", + "answers": [ + "It adds capacitive loading, increasing the bandwidth of the antenna", + "It eliminates unbalanced capacitive coupling to the antenna’s surroundings, improving the depth of its nulls", + "It eliminates tracking errors caused by strong out-of-band signals", + "It increases signal strength by providing a better match to the feed line" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What challenge is presented by a small wire-loop antenna for direction finding?", + "answers": [ + "It has a bidirectional null pattern", + "It does not have a clearly defined null", + "It is practical for use only on VHF and higher bands", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What indicates the correct value of terminating resistance for a Beverage antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Maximum feed point DC resistance at the center of the desired frequency range", + "Minimum low-angle front-to-back ratio at the design frequency", + "Maximum DC current in the terminating resistor", + "Minimum variation in SWR over the desired frequency range" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of a Beverage antenna’s termination resistor?", + "answers": [ + "Increase the front-to-side ratio", + "Absorb signals from the reverse direction", + "Decrease SWR bandwidth", + "Eliminate harmonic reception" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of a sense antenna?", + "answers": [ + "It modifies the pattern of a DF antenna to provide a null in only one direction", + "It increases the sensitivity of a DF antenna array", + "It allows DF antennas to receive signals at different vertical angles", + "It provides diversity reception that cancels multipath signals" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What type of radiation pattern is created by a single-turn, terminated loop such as a pennant antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Cardioid", + "Bidirectional", + "Omnidirectional", + "Hyperbolic" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How can the output voltage of a multiple-turn receiving loop antenna be increased?", + "answers": [ + "By reducing the permeability of the loop shield", + "By utilizing high impedance wire for the coupling loop", + "By increasing the number of turns and/or the area enclosed by the loop", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What feature of a cardioid pattern antenna makes it useful for direction-finding antennas?", + "answers": [ + "A very sharp peak", + "A single null", + "Broadband response", + "High radiation angle" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 0, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the primary function of an external earth connection or ground rod?", + "answers": [ + "Prevent static build up on power lines", + "Lightning charge dissipation", + "Reduce RF current flow between pieces of equipment", + "Protect breaker panel from power surges" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "When evaluating RF exposure levels from your station at a neighbor’s home, what must you do?", + "answers": [ + "Ensure signals from your station are less than the controlled maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits", + "Ensure signals from your station are less than the uncontrolled maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits", + "Ensure signals from your station are less than the controlled maximum permissible emission (MPE) limits", + "Ensure signals from your station are less than the uncontrolled maximum permissible emission (MPE) limits" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Over what range of frequencies are the FCC human body RF exposure limits most restrictive?", + "answers": [ + "300 kHz - 3 MHz", + "3 - 30 MHz", + "30 - 300 MHz", + "300 - 3000 MHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "When evaluating a site with multiple transmitters operating at the same time, the operators and licensees of which transmitters are responsible for mitigating over-exposure situations?", + "answers": [ + "Each transmitter that produces 20 percent or more of its MPE limit in areas where the total MPE limit is exceeded", + "Each transmitter operating with a duty cycle greater than 25 percent", + "Each transmitter that produces 5 percent or more of its MPE limit in areas where the total MPE limit is exceeded", + "Each transmitter operating with a duty cycle greater than 50 percent" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What hazard is created by operating at microwave frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "Microwaves are ionizing radiation", + "The high gain antennas commonly used can result in high exposure levels", + "Microwaves are in the frequency range where wave velocity is higher", + "The extremely high frequency energy can damage the joints of antenna structures" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why are there separate electric (E) and magnetic (H) MPE limits at frequencies below 300 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "The body reacts to electromagnetic radiation from both the E and H fields", + "Ground reflections and scattering cause the field strength to vary with location", + "E field and H field radiation intensity peaks can occur at different locations", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by “100% tie-off” regarding tower safety?", + "answers": [ + "All loose ropes and guys secured to a fixed structure", + "At least one lanyard attached to the tower at all times", + "All tools secured to the climber’s harness", + "All circuit breakers feeding power to the tower must be tied closed with tape, cable, or ties" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What does SAR measure?", + "answers": [ + "Signal attenuation ratio", + "Signal amplification rating", + "The rate at which RF energy is absorbed by the body", + "The rate of RF energy reflected from stationary terrain" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of equipment are exempt from RF exposure evaluations?", + "answers": [ + "Transceivers with less than 7 watts of RF output", + "Antennas that radiate only in the near field", + "Hand-held transceivers sold before May 3, 2021", + "Dish antennas less than one meter in diameter" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "When must an RF exposure evaluation be performed on an amateur station operating on 80 meters?", + "answers": [ + "An evaluation must always be performed", + "When the ERP of the station is less than 10 watts", + "When the station’s operating mode is CW", + "When the output power from the transmitter is less than 100 watts" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "To what should lanyards be attached while climbing?", + "answers": [ + "Antenna mast", + "Guy brackets", + "Tower rungs", + "Tower legs" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Where should a shock-absorbing lanyard be attached to a tower when working above ground?", + "answers": [ + "Above the climber’s head level", + "To the belt of the fall-arrest harness", + "Even with the climber's waist", + "To the next lowest set of guys" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] +} diff --git a/src/flags.go b/src/flags.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf0fd90 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/flags.go @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +package main + +import ( + "errors" + "fmt" + "os" + "strconv" + "strings" +) + +var ( + pool string + test bool + questions int + random bool + help bool + version bool +) + +func getFlagStrValue(args []string, x, argsLen int) (string, error) { + if x+1 == argsLen { + err := fmt.Errorf("%s: flag `%s` missing value\nUse `%s --help` for details", PROGRAM, args[x], os.Args[0]) + return "", err + } + return args[x+1], nil +} + +func getFlagIntValue(args []string, x, argsLen int) (int, error) { + strVal, err := getFlagStrValue(args, x, argsLen) + if err != nil { + return 0, err + } + intVal, err := strconv.Atoi(strVal) + if err != nil { + err = fmt.Errorf("%s: flag `%s` value must be an integer\nUse `%s --help` for details", PROGRAM, args[x], os.Args[0]) + return 0, err + } + return intVal, nil +} + +func handleFlags(args []string) (err error) { + argsLen := len(args) + for x := 0; x < argsLen; x++ { + switch strings.ToLower(args[x]) { + case "--pool", "-p": + pool, err = getFlagStrValue(args, x, argsLen) + x++ + if err != nil { + return + } + case "--questions", "-q": + questions, err = getFlagIntValue(args, x, argsLen) + x++ + if err != nil { + return err + } + case "--random", "-r": + random = true + case "--test", "-t": + test = true + case "--help", "-h": + help = true + break + case "--version", "-v": + version = true + default: + err = errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("%s: invalid argument `%s`\nUse `%s --help` for details", PROGRAM, args[x], os.Args[0])) + return + } + } + if help { + displayHelp() + os.Exit(0) + } + if version { + displayVersion() + os.Exit(0) + } + return +} + +func displayHelp() { + fmt.Printf(`Usage: %s [OPTIONS]... + +Options: + -p, --pool Questions to add to pool. + -q, --questions Number of questions asked from pool. + -r, --random Randomize questions from pool. + -t, --test Do test rather than review. + -b, --basedir Path to Gemini Capsule root. + -h, --help Print Help (this message) and exit. + -v, --version Print version and exit. +`, PROGRAM) +} + +func displayVersion() { + fmt.Printf("%s %s\n", PROGRAM, VERSION) +} diff --git a/src/general-2023-2027/G7-1.png b/src/general-2023-2027/G7-1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39af331 Binary files /dev/null and b/src/general-2023-2027/G7-1.png differ diff --git a/src/general-2023-2027/question-pool.json b/src/general-2023-2027/question-pool.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf63a2a --- /dev/null +++ b/src/general-2023-2027/question-pool.json @@ -0,0 +1,4501 @@ +{ + "subelements": [ + { + "subelement": 1, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "On which HF and/or MF amateur bands are there portions where General class licensees cannot transmit?", + "answers": [ + "60 meters, 30 meters, 17 meters, and 12 meters", + "160 meters, 60 meters, 15 meters, and 12 meters", + "80 meters, 40 meters, 20 meters, and 15 meters", + "80 meters, 20 meters, 15 meters, and 10 meters" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "On which of the following bands is phone operation prohibited?", + "answers": [ + "160 meters", + "30 meters", + "17 meters", + "12 meters" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "On which of the following bands is image transmission prohibited?", + "answers": [ + "160 meters", + "30 meters", + "20 meters", + "12 meters" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following amateur bands is restricted to communication only on specific channels, rather than frequency ranges?", + "answers": [ + "11 meters", + "12 meters", + "30 meters", + "60 meters" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "On which of the following frequencies are General class licensees prohibited from operating as control operator?", + "answers": [ + "7.125 MHz to 7.175 MHz", + "28.000 MHz to 28.025 MHz", + "21.275 MHz to 21.300 MHz", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following applies when the FCC rules designate the amateur service as a secondary user on a band?", + "answers": [ + "Amateur stations must record the call sign of the primary service station before operating on a frequency assigned to that station", + "Amateur stations may use the band only during emergencies", + "Amateur stations must not cause harmful interference to primary users and must accept interference from primary users", + "Amateur stations may only operate during specific hours of the day, while primary users are permitted 24-hour use of the band" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "On which amateur frequencies in the 10-meter band may stations with a General class control operator transmit CW emissions?", + "answers": [ + "28.000 MHz to 28.025 MHz only", + "28.000 MHz to 28.300 MHz only", + "28.025 MHz to 28.300 MHz only", + "The entire band" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which HF bands have segments exclusively allocated to Amateur Extra licensees?", + "answers": [ + "All HF bands", + "80 meters, 40 meters, 20 meters, and 15 meters", + "All HF bands except 160 meters and 10 meters", + "60 meters, 30 meters, 17 meters, and 12 meters" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following frequencies is within the General class portion of the 15-meter band?", + "answers": [ + "14250 kHz", + "18155 kHz", + "21300 kHz", + "24900 kHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What portion of the 10-meter band is available for repeater use?", + "answers": [ + "The entire band", + "The portion between 28.1 MHz and 28.2 MHz", + "The portion between 28.3 MHz and 28.5 MHz", + "The portion above 29.5 MHz" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "When General class licensees are not permitted to use the entire voice portion of a band, which portion of the voice segment is available to them?", + "answers": [ + "The lower frequency portion", + "The upper frequency portion", + "The lower frequency portion on frequencies below 7.3 MHz, and the upper portion on frequencies above 14.150 MHz", + "The upper frequency portion on frequencies below 7.3 MHz, and the lower portion on frequencies above 14.150 MHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the maximum height above ground for an antenna structure not near a public use airport without requiring notification to the FAA and registration with the FCC?", + "answers": [ + "50 feet", + "100 feet", + "200 feet", + "250 feet" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "With which of the following conditions must beacon stations comply?", + "answers": [ + "No more than one beacon station may transmit in the same band from the same station location", + "The frequency must be coordinated with the National Beacon Organization", + "The frequency must be posted on the internet or published in a national periodical", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a purpose of a beacon station as identified in the FCC rules?", + "answers": [ + "Observation of propagation and reception", + "Automatic identification of repeaters", + "Transmission of bulletins of general interest to amateur radio licensees", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following transmissions is permitted for all amateur stations?", + "answers": [ + "Unidentified transmissions of less than 10 seconds duration for test purposes only", + "Automatic retransmission of other amateur signals by any amateur station", + "Occasional retransmission of weather and propagation forecast information from US government stations", + "Encrypted messages, if not intended to facilitate a criminal act" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following one-way transmissions are permitted?", + "answers": [ + "Unidentified test transmissions of less than 10 seconds in duration", + "Transmissions to assist with learning the International Morse code", + "Regular transmissions offering equipment for sale, if intended for amateur radio use", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Under what conditions are state and local governments permitted to regulate amateur radio antenna structures?", + "answers": [ + "Under no circumstances, FCC rules take priority", + "At any time and to any extent necessary to accomplish a legitimate purpose of the state or local entity, provided that proper filings are made with the FCC", + "Only when such structures exceed 50 feet in height and are clearly visible 1,000 feet from the structure", + "Amateur Service communications must be reasonably accommodated, and regulations must constitute the minimum practical to accommodate a legitimate purpose of the state or local entity" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What are the restrictions on the use of abbreviations or procedural signals in the amateur service?", + "answers": [ + "Only “Q” signals are permitted", + "They may be used if they do not obscure the meaning of a message", + "They are not permitted", + "They are limited to those expressly listed in Part 97 of the FCC rules" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "When is it permissible to communicate with amateur stations in countries outside the areas administered by the Federal Communications Commission?", + "answers": [ + "Only when the foreign country has a formal third-party agreement filed with the FCC", + "When the contact is with amateurs in any country except those whose administrations have notified the ITU that they object to such communications", + "Only when the contact is with amateurs licensed by a country which is a member of the United Nations, or by a territory possessed by such a country", + "Only when the contact is with amateurs licensed by a country which is a member of the International Amateur Radio Union, or by a territory possessed by such a country" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "On what HF frequencies are automatically controlled beacons permitted?", + "answers": [ + "On any frequency if power is less than 1 watt", + "On any frequency if transmissions are in Morse code", + "21.08 MHz to 21.09 MHz", + "28.20 MHz to 28.30 MHz" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the power limit for beacon stations?", + "answers": [ + "10 watts PEP output", + "20 watts PEP output", + "100 watts PEP output", + "200 watts PEP output" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Who or what determines “good engineering and good amateur practice,” as applied to the operation of an amateur station in all respects not covered by the Part 97 rules?", + "answers": [ + "The FCC", + "The control operator", + "The IEEE", + "The ITU" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the maximum transmitter power an amateur station may use on 10.140 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "200 watts PEP output", + "1000 watts PEP output", + "1500 watts PEP output", + "2000 watts PEP output" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum transmitter power an amateur station may use on the 12-meter band?", + "answers": [ + "50 watts PEP output", + "200 watts PEP output", + "1500 watts PEP output", + "An effective radiated power equivalent to 100 watts from a half-wave dipole" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum bandwidth permitted by FCC rules for amateur radio stations transmitting on USB frequencies in the 60-meter band?", + "answers": [ + "2.8 kHz", + "5.6 kHz", + "1.8 kHz", + "3 kHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is required by the FCC rules when operating in the 60-meter band?", + "answers": [ + "If you are using an antenna other than a dipole, you must keep a record of the gain of your antenna", + "You must keep a record of the date, time, frequency, power level, and stations worked", + "You must keep a record of all third-party traffic", + "You must keep a record of the manufacturer of your equipment and the antenna used" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the limit for transmitter power on the 28 MHz band for a General Class control operator?", + "answers": [ + "100 watts PEP output", + "1000 watts PEP output", + "1500 watts PEP output", + "2000 watts PEP output" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the limit for transmitter power on the 1.8 MHz band?", + "answers": [ + "200 watts PEP output", + "1000 watts PEP output", + "1200 watts PEP output", + "1500 watts PEP output" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What must be done before using a new digital protocol on the air?", + "answers": [ + "Type-certify equipment to FCC standards", + "Obtain an experimental license from the FCC", + "Publicly document the technical characteristics of the protocol", + "Submit a rule-making proposal to the FCC describing the codes and methods of the technique" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum power limit on the 60-meter band?", + "answers": [ + "1500 watts PEP", + "10 watts RMS", + "ERP of 100 watts PEP with respect to a dipole", + "ERP of 100 watts PEP with respect to an isotropic antenna" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What measurement is specified by FCC rules that regulate maximum power?", + "answers": [ + "RMS output from the transmitter", + "RMS input to the antenna", + "PEP input to the antenna", + "PEP output from the transmitter" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Who may receive partial credit for the elements represented by an expired amateur radio license?", + "answers": [ + "Any person who can demonstrate that they once held an FCC-issued General, Advanced, or Amateur Extra class license that was not revoked by the FCC", + "Anyone who held an FCC-issued amateur radio license that expired not less than 5 and not more than 15 years ago", + "Any person who previously held an amateur license issued by another country, but only if that country has a current reciprocal licensing agreement with the FCC", + "Only persons who once held an FCC issued Novice, Technician, or Technician Plus license" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What license examinations may you administer as an accredited Volunteer Examiner holding a General class operator license?", + "answers": [ + "General and Technician", + "None, only Amateur Extra class licensees may be accredited", + "Technician only", + "Amateur Extra, General, and Technician" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "On which of the following band segments may you operate if you are a Technician class operator and have an unexpired Certificate of Successful Completion of Examination (CSCE) for General class privileges?", + "answers": [ + "Only the Technician band segments until your upgrade is posted in the FCC database", + "Only on the Technician band segments until you have a receipt for the FCC application fee payment", + "On any General or Technician class band segment", + "On any General or Technician class band segment except 30 meters and 60 meters" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Who must observe the administration of a Technician class license examination?", + "answers": [ + "At least three Volunteer Examiners of General class or higher", + "At least two Volunteer Examiners of General class or higher", + "At least two Volunteer Examiners of Technician class or higher", + "At least three Volunteer Examiners of Technician class" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "When operating a US station by remote control from outside the country, what license is required of the control operator?", + "answers": [ + "A US operator/primary station license", + "Only an appropriate US operator/primary license and a special remote station permit from the FCC", + "Only a license from the foreign country, as long as the call sign includes identification of portable operation in the US", + "A license from the foreign country and a special remote station permit from the FCC" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Until an upgrade to General class is shown in the FCC database, when must a Technician licensee identify with “AG” after their call sign?", + "answers": [ + "Whenever they operate using General class frequency privileges", + "Whenever they operate on any amateur frequency", + "Whenever they operate using Technician frequency privileges", + "A special identifier is not required if their General class license application has been filed with the FCC" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Volunteer Examiners are accredited by what organization?", + "answers": [ + "The Federal Communications Commission", + "The Universal Licensing System", + "A Volunteer Examiner Coordinator", + "The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following criteria must be met for a non-US citizen to be an accredited Volunteer Examiner?", + "answers": [ + "The person must be a resident of the US for a minimum of 5 years", + "The person must hold an FCC granted amateur radio license of General class or above", + "The person’s home citizenship must be in ITU region 2", + "None of these choices is correct; a non-US citizen cannot be a Volunteer Examiner" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How long is a Certificate of Successful Completion of Examination (CSCE) valid for exam element credit?", + "answers": [ + "30 days", + "180 days", + "365 days", + "For as long as your current license is valid" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the minimum age that one must be to qualify as an accredited Volunteer Examiner?", + "answers": [ + "16 years", + "18 years", + "21 years", + "There is no age limit" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What action is required to obtain a new General class license after a previously held license has expired and the two-year grace period has passed?", + "answers": [ + "They must have a letter from the FCC showing they once held an amateur or commercial license", + "There are no requirements other than being able to show a copy of the expired license", + "Contact the FCC to have the license reinstated", + "The applicant must show proof of the appropriate expired license grant and pass the current Element 2 exam" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "When operating a station in South America by remote control over the internet from the US, what regulations apply?", + "answers": [ + "Those of both the remote station’s country and the FCC", + "Those of the remote station’s country and the FCC’s third-party regulations", + "Only those of the remote station’s country", + "Only those of the FCC" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "E", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following would disqualify a third party from participating in sending a message via an amateur station?", + "answers": [ + "The third party’s amateur license has been revoked and not reinstated", + "The third party is not a US citizen", + "The third party is speaking in a language other than English", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "When may a 10-meter repeater retransmit the 2-meter signal from a station that has a Technician class control operator?", + "answers": [ + "Under no circumstances", + "Only if the station on 10-meters is operating under a Special Temporary Authorization allowing such retransmission", + "Only during an FCC-declared general state of communications emergency", + "Only if the 10-meter repeater control operator holds at least a General class license" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is required to conduct communications with a digital station operating under automatic control outside the automatic control band segments?", + "answers": [ + "The station initiating the contact must be under local or remote control", + "The interrogating transmission must be made by another automatically controlled station", + "No third-party traffic may be transmitted", + "The control operator of the interrogating station must hold an Amateur Extra class license" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following conditions require a licensed amateur radio operator to take specific steps to avoid harmful interference to other users or facilities?", + "answers": [ + "When operating within one mile of an FCC Monitoring Station", + "When using a band where the Amateur Service is secondary", + "When a station is transmitting spread spectrum emissions", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What are the restrictions on messages sent to a third party in a country with which there is a Third-Party Agreement?", + "answers": [ + "They must relate to emergencies or disaster relief", + "They must be for other licensed amateurs", + "They must relate to amateur radio, or remarks of a personal character, or messages relating to emergencies or disaster relief", + "The message must be limited to no longer than 1 minute in duration and the name of the third party must be recorded in the station log" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "The frequency allocations of which ITU region apply to radio amateurs operating in North and South America?", + "answers": [ + "Region 4", + "Region 3", + "Region 2", + "Region 1" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "In what part of the 2.4 GHz band may an amateur station communicate with non-licensed Wi-Fi stations?", + "answers": [ + "Anywhere in the band", + "Channels 1 through 4", + "Channels 42 through 45", + "No part" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum PEP output allowed for spread spectrum transmissions?", + "answers": [ + "100 milliwatts", + "10 watts", + "100 watts", + "1500 watts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Under what circumstances are messages that are sent via digital modes exempt from Part 97 third-party rules that apply to other modes of communication?", + "answers": [ + "Under no circumstances", + "When messages are encrypted", + "When messages are not encrypted", + "When under automatic control" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why should an amateur operator normally avoid transmitting on 14.100, 18.110, 21.150, 24.930 and 28.200 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "A system of propagation beacon stations operates on those frequencies", + "A system of automatic digital stations operates on those frequencies ", + "These frequencies are set aside for emergency operations", + "These frequencies are set aside for bulletins from the FCC" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "On what bands may automatically controlled stations transmitting RTTY or data emissions communicate with other automatically controlled digital stations?", + "answers": [ + "On any band segment where digital operation is permitted", + "Anywhere in the non-phone segments of the 10-meter or shorter wavelength bands", + "Only in the non-phone Extra Class segments of the bands", + "Anywhere in the 6-meter or shorter wavelength bands, and in limited segments of some of the HF bands" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "When may third-party messages be transmitted via remote control?", + "answers": [ + "Under any circumstances in which third party messages are permitted by FCC rules", + "Under no circumstances except for emergencies", + "Only when the message is intended for licensed radio amateurs", + "Only when the message is intended for third parties in areas where licensing is controlled by the FCC" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 2, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which mode is most commonly used for voice communications on frequencies of 14 MHz or higher?", + "answers": [ + "Upper sideband", + "Lower sideband", + "Suppressed sideband", + "Double sideband" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which mode is most commonly used for voice communications on the 160-, 75-, and 40-meter bands?", + "answers": [ + "Upper sideband", + "Lower sideband", + "Suppressed sideband", + "Double sideband" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which mode is most commonly used for SSB voice communications in the VHF and UHF bands?", + "answers": [ + "Upper sideband", + "Lower sideband", + "Suppressed sideband", + "Double sideband" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which mode is most commonly used for voice communications on the 17- and 12-meter bands?", + "answers": [ + "Upper sideband", + "Lower sideband", + "Suppressed sideband", + "Double sideband" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which mode of voice communication is most commonly used on the HF amateur bands?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency modulation", + "Double sideband", + "Single sideband", + "Single phase modulation" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an advantage of using single sideband, as compared to other analog voice modes on the HF amateur bands?", + "answers": [ + "Very high-fidelity voice modulation", + "Less subject to interference from atmospheric static crashes", + "Ease of tuning on receive and immunity to impulse noise", + "Less bandwidth used and greater power efficiency" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements is true of single sideband (SSB)?", + "answers": [ + "Only one sideband and the carrier are transmitted; the other sideband is suppressed", + "Only one sideband is transmitted; the other sideband and carrier are suppressed", + "SSB is the only voice mode authorized on the 20-, 15-, and 10-meter amateur bands", + "SSB is the only voice mode authorized on the 160-, 75-, and 40-meter amateur bands" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the recommended way to break into a phone contact?", + "answers": [ + "Say “QRZ” several times, followed by your call sign", + "Say your call sign once", + "Say “Breaker Breaker”", + "Say “CQ” followed by the call sign of either station" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why do most amateur stations use lower sideband on the 160-, 75-, and 40-meter bands?", + "answers": [ + "Lower sideband is more efficient than upper sideband at these frequencies", + "Lower sideband is the only sideband legal on these frequency bands", + "Because it is fully compatible with an AM detector", + "It is commonly accepted amateur practice" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements is true of VOX operation versus PTT operation?", + "answers": [ + "The received signal is more natural sounding", + "It allows “hands free” operation", + "It occupies less bandwidth", + "It provides more power output" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Generally, who should respond to a station in the contiguous 48 states calling “CQ DX”?", + "answers": [ + "Any caller is welcome to respond", + "Only stations in Germany", + "Any stations outside the lower 48 states", + "Only contest stations" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What control is typically adjusted for proper ALC setting on a single sideband transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "RF clipping level", + "Transmit audio or microphone gain", + "Antenna inductance or capacitance", + "Attenuator level" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following is true concerning access to frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "Nets have priority", + "QSOs in progress have priority", + "Except during emergencies, no amateur station has priority access to any frequency", + "Contest operations should yield to non-contest use of frequencies" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the first thing you should do if you are communicating with another amateur station and hear a station in distress break in?", + "answers": [ + "Inform your local emergency coordinator", + "Acknowledge the station in distress and determine what assistance may be needed", + "Immediately decrease power to avoid interfering with the station in distress", + "Immediately cease all transmissions" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is good amateur practice if propagation changes during a contact creating interference from other stations using the frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Advise the interfering stations that you are on the frequency and that you have priority", + "Decrease power and continue to transmit", + "Attempt to resolve the interference problem with the other stations in a mutually acceptable manner", + "Switch to the opposite sideband" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "When selecting a CW transmitting frequency, what minimum separation from other stations should be used to minimize interference to stations on adjacent frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "5 Hz to 50 Hz", + "150 Hz to 500 Hz", + "1 kHz to 3 kHz", + "3 kHz to 6 kHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "When selecting an SSB transmitting frequency, what minimum separation should be used to minimize interference to stations on adjacent frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "5 Hz to 50 Hz", + "150 Hz to 500 Hz", + "2 kHz to 3 kHz", + "Approximately 6 kHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How can you avoid harmful interference on an apparently clear frequency before calling CQ on CW or phone?", + "answers": [ + "Send “QRL?” on CW, followed by your call sign; or, if using phone, ask if the frequency is in use, followed by your call sign", + "Listen for 2 minutes before calling CQ", + "Send the letter “V” in Morse code several times and listen for a response, or say “test” several times and listen for a response", + "Send “QSY” on CW or if using phone, announce “the frequency is in use,” then give your call sign and listen for a response" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following complies with commonly accepted amateur practice when choosing a frequency on which to initiate a call?", + "answers": [ + "Listen on the frequency for at least two minutes to be sure it is clear", + "Identify your station by transmitting your call sign at least 3 times", + "Follow the voluntary band plan", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the voluntary band plan restriction for US stations transmitting within the 48 contiguous states in the 50.1 MHz to 50.125 MHz band segment?", + "answers": [ + "Only contacts with stations not within the 48 contiguous states", + "Only contacts with other stations within the 48 contiguous states", + "Only digital contacts", + "Only SSTV contacts" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Who may be the control operator of an amateur station transmitting in RACES to assist relief operations during a disaster?", + "answers": [ + "Only a person holding an FCC-issued amateur operator license", + "Only a RACES net control operator", + "A person holding an FCC-issued amateur operator license or an appropriate government official", + "Any control operator when normal communication systems are operational" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is good amateur practice for net management?", + "answers": [ + "Always use multiple sets of phonetics during check-in", + "Have a backup frequency in case of interference or poor conditions", + "Transmit the full net roster at the beginning of every session", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How often may RACES training drills and tests be routinely conducted without special authorization?", + "answers": [ + "No more than 1 hour per month", + "No more than 2 hours per month", + "No more than 1 hour per week", + "No more than 2 hours per week" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following describes full break-in CW operation (QSK)?", + "answers": [ + "Breaking stations send the Morse code prosign “BK”", + "Automatic keyers, instead of hand keys, are used to send Morse code", + "An operator must activate a manual send/receive switch before and after every transmission", + "Transmitting stations can receive between code characters and elements" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What should you do if a CW station sends “QRS?”", + "answers": [ + "Send slower", + "Change frequency", + "Increase your power", + "Repeat everything twice" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What does it mean when a CW operator sends “KN” at the end of a transmission?", + "answers": [ + "No US stations should call", + "Operating full break-in", + "Listening only for a specific station or stations", + "Closing station now" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What does the Q signal “QRL?” mean?", + "answers": [ + "“Will you keep the frequency clear?”", + "“Are you operating full break-in?” or “Can you operate full break-in?”", + "“Are you listening only for a specific station?”", + "“Are you busy?” or “Is this frequency in use?”" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the best speed to use when answering a CQ in Morse code?", + "answers": [ + "The fastest speed at which you are comfortable copying, but no slower than the CQ", + "The fastest speed at which you are comfortable copying, but no faster than the CQ", + "At the standard calling speed of 10 wpm", + "At the standard calling speed of 5 wpm" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What does the term “zero beat” mean in CW operation?", + "answers": [ + "Matching the speed of the transmitting station", + "Operating split to avoid interference on frequency", + "Sending without error", + "Matching the transmit frequency to the frequency of a received signal" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "When sending CW, what does a “C” mean when added to the RST report?", + "answers": [ + "Chirpy or unstable signal", + "Report was read from an S meter rather than estimated", + "100 percent copy", + "Key clicks" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What prosign is sent to indicate the end of a formal message when using CW?", + "answers": [ + "SK", + "BK", + "AR", + "KN" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What does the Q signal “QSL” mean?", + "answers": [ + "Send slower", + "We have already confirmed the contact", + "I have received and understood", + "We have worked before" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What does the Q signal “QRN” mean?", + "answers": [ + "Send more slowly", + "Stop sending", + "Zero beat my signal", + "I am troubled by static" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What does the Q signal “QRV” mean?", + "answers": [ + "You are sending too fast", + "There is interference on the frequency", + "I am quitting for the day", + "I am ready to receive" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the Volunteer Monitor Program?", + "answers": [ + "Amateur volunteers who are formally enlisted to monitor the airwaves for rules violations", + "Amateur volunteers who conduct amateur licensing examinations", + "Amateur volunteers who conduct frequency coordination for amateur VHF repeaters", + "Amateur volunteers who use their station equipment to help civil defense organizations in times of emergency" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are objectives of the Volunteer Monitor Program?", + "answers": [ + "To conduct efficient and orderly amateur licensing examinations", + "To provide emergency and public safety communications", + "To coordinate repeaters for efficient and orderly spectrum usage", + "To encourage amateur radio operators to self-regulate and comply with the rules" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What procedure may be used by Volunteer Monitors to localize a station whose continuous carrier is holding a repeater on in their area?", + "answers": [ + "Compare vertical and horizontal signal strengths on the input frequency", + "Compare beam headings on the repeater input from their home locations with that of other Volunteer Monitors", + "Compare signal strengths between the input and output of the repeater", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes an azimuthal projection map?", + "answers": [ + "A map that shows accurate land masses", + "A map that shows true bearings and distances from a specific location", + "A map that shows the angle at which an amateur satellite crosses the equator", + "A map that shows the number of degrees longitude that an amateur satellite appears to move westward at the equator with each orbit" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following indicates that you are looking for an HF contact with any station?", + "answers": [ + "Sign your call sign once, followed by the words “listening for a call” -- if no answer, change frequency and repeat", + "Say “QTC” followed by “this is” and your call sign -- if no answer, change frequency and repeat", + "Repeat “CQ” a few times, followed by “this is,” then your call sign a few times, then pause to listen, repeat as necessary", + "Transmit an unmodulated carried for approximately 10 seconds, followed by “this is” and your call sign, and pause to listen -- repeat as necessary" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How is a directional antenna pointed when making a “long-path” contact with another station?", + "answers": [ + "Toward the rising sun", + "Along the gray line", + "180 degrees from the station’s short-path heading", + "Toward the north" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are examples of the NATO Phonetic Alphabet?", + "answers": [ + "Able, Baker, Charlie, Dog", + "Adam, Boy, Charles, David", + "America, Boston, Canada, Denmark", + "Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why do many amateurs keep a station log?", + "answers": [ + "The FCC requires a log of all international contacts", + "The FCC requires a log of all international third-party traffic", + "The log provides evidence of operation needed to renew a license without retest", + "To help with a reply if the FCC requests information about your station" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is required when participating in a contest on HF frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "Submit a log to the contest sponsor", + "Send a QSL card to the stations worked, or QSL via Logbook of The World", + "Identify your station according to normal FCC regulations", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is QRP operation?", + "answers": [ + "Remote piloted model control", + "Low-power transmit operation", + "Transmission using Quick Response Protocol", + "Traffic relay procedure net operation" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why are signal reports typically exchanged at the beginning of an HF contact?", + "answers": [ + "To allow each station to operate according to conditions", + "To be sure the contact will count for award programs", + "To follow standard radiogram structure", + "To allow each station to calibrate their frequency display" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "E", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which mode is normally used when sending RTTY signals via AFSK with an SSB transmitter?", + "answers": [ + "USB", + "DSB", + "CW", + "LSB" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is VARA?", + "answers": [ + "A low signal-to-noise digital mode used for EME (moonbounce)", + "A digital protocol used with Winlink", + "A radio direction finding system used on VHF and UHF", + "DX spotting system using a network of software defined radios" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What symptoms may result from other signals interfering with a PACTOR or VARA transmission?", + "answers": [ + "Frequent retries or timeouts", + "Long pauses in message transmission", + "Failure to establish a connection between stations", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is good practice when choosing a transmitting frequency to answer a station calling CQ using FT8?", + "answers": [ + "Always call on the station’s frequency", + "Call on any frequency in the waterfall except the station’s frequency", + "Find a clear frequency during the same time slot as the calling station", + "Find a clear frequency during the alternate time slot to the calling station" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the standard sideband for JT65, JT9, FT4, or FT8 digital signal when using AFSK?", + "answers": [ + "LSB", + "USB", + "DSB", + "SSB" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the most common frequency shift for RTTY emissions in the amateur HF bands?", + "answers": [ + "85 Hz", + "170 Hz", + "425 Hz", + "850 Hz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is required when using FT8?", + "answers": [ + "A special hardware modem", + "Computer time accurate to within approximately 1 second", + "Receiver attenuator set to -12 dB", + "A vertically polarized antenna" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "In what segment of the 20-meter band are most digital mode operations commonly found?", + "answers": [ + "At the bottom of the slow-scan TV segment, near 14.230 MHz", + "At the top of the SSB phone segment, near 14.325 MHz", + "In the middle of the CW segment, near 14.100 MHz", + "Between 14.070 MHz and 14.100 MHz" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How do you join a contact between two stations using the PACTOR protocol?", + "answers": [ + "Send broadcast packets containing your call sign while in MONITOR mode", + "Transmit a steady carrier until the PACTOR protocol times out and disconnects", + "Joining an existing contact is not possible, PACTOR connections are limited to two stations", + "Send a NAK code" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a way to establish contact with a digital messaging system gateway station?", + "answers": [ + "Send an email to the system control operator", + "Send QRL in Morse code", + "Respond when the station broadcasts its SSID", + "Transmit a connect message on the station’s published frequency" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the primary purpose of an Amateur Radio Emergency Data Network (AREDN) mesh network?", + "answers": [ + "To provide FM repeater coverage in remote areas", + "To provide real time propagation data by monitoring amateur radio transmissions worldwide", + "To provide high-speed data services during an emergency or community event", + "To provide DX spotting reports to aid contesters and DXers" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes Winlink?", + "answers": [ + "An amateur radio wireless network to send and receive email on the internet", + "A form of Packet Radio", + "A wireless network capable of both VHF and HF band operation", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is another name for a Winlink Remote Message Server?", + "answers": [ + "Terminal Node Controller", + "Gateway", + "RJ-45", + "Printer/Server" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What could be wrong if you cannot decode an RTTY or other FSK signal even though it is apparently tuned in properly?", + "answers": [ + "The mark and space frequencies may be reversed", + "You may have selected the wrong baud rate", + "You may be listening on the wrong sideband", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a common location for FT8?", + "answers": [ + "Anywhere in the voice portion of the band", + "Anywhere in the CW portion of the band", + "Approximately 14.074 MHz to 14.077 MHz", + "Approximately 14.110 MHz to 14.113 MHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 3, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "How does a higher sunspot number affect HF propagation?", + "answers": [ + "Higher sunspot numbers generally indicate a greater probability of good propagation at higher frequencies", + "Lower sunspot numbers generally indicate greater probability of sporadic E propagation", + "A zero sunspot number indicates that radio propagation is not possible on any band", + "A zero sunspot number indicates undisturbed conditions" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What effect does a sudden ionospheric disturbance have on the daytime ionospheric propagation?", + "answers": [ + "It enhances propagation on all HF frequencies", + "It disrupts signals on lower frequencies more than those on higher frequencies", + "It disrupts communications via satellite more than direct communications", + "None, because only areas on the night side of the Earth are affected" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Approximately how long does it take the increased ultraviolet and X-ray radiation from a solar flare to affect radio propagation on Earth?", + "answers": [ + "28 days", + "1 to 2 hours", + "8 minutes", + "20 to 40 hours" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the least reliable bands for long-distance communications during periods of low solar activity?", + "answers": [ + "80 meters and 160 meters", + "60 meters and 40 meters", + "30 meters and 20 meters", + "15 meters, 12 meters, and 10 meters" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the solar flux index?", + "answers": [ + "A measure of the highest frequency that is useful for ionospheric propagation between two points on Earth", + "A count of sunspots that is adjusted for solar emissions", + "Another name for the American sunspot number", + "A measure of solar radiation with a wavelength of 10.7 centimeters" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a geomagnetic storm?", + "answers": [ + "A sudden drop in the solar flux index", + "A thunderstorm that affects radio propagation", + "Ripples in the geomagnetic force", + "A temporary disturbance in Earth’s geomagnetic field" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "At what point in the solar cycle does the 20-meter band usually support worldwide propagation during daylight hours?", + "answers": [ + "At the summer solstice", + "Only at the maximum point", + "Only at the minimum point", + "At any point" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How can a geomagnetic storm affect HF propagation?", + "answers": [ + "Improve high-latitude HF propagation", + "Degrade ground wave propagation", + "Improve ground wave propagation", + "Degrade high-latitude HF propagation" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How can high geomagnetic activity benefit radio communications?", + "answers": [ + "Creates auroras that can reflect VHF signals", + "Increases signal strength for HF signals passing through the polar regions", + "Improve HF long path propagation", + "Reduce long delayed echoes" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What causes HF propagation conditions to vary periodically in a 26- to 28-day cycle?", + "answers": [ + "Long term oscillations in the upper atmosphere", + "Cyclic variation in Earth’s radiation belts", + "Rotation of the Sun’s surface layers around its axis", + "The position of the Moon in its orbit" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How long does it take a coronal mass ejection to affect radio propagation on Earth?", + "answers": [ + "28 days", + "14 days", + "4 to 8 minutes", + "15 hours to several days" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What does the K-index measure?", + "answers": [ + "The relative position of sunspots on the surface of the Sun", + "The short-term stability of Earth’s geomagnetic field", + "The short-term stability of the Sun’s magnetic field", + "The solar radio flux at Boulder, Colorado" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What does the A-index measure?", + "answers": [ + "The relative position of sunspots on the surface of the Sun", + "The amount of polarization of the Sun’s electric field", + "The long-term stability of Earth’s geomagnetic field", + "The solar radio flux at Boulder, Colorado" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How is long distance radio communication usually affected by the charged particles that reach Earth from solar coronal holes?", + "answers": [ + "HF communication is improved", + "HF communication is disturbed", + "VHF/UHF ducting is improved", + "VHF/UHF ducting is disturbed" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is a characteristic of skywave signals arriving at your location by both short-path and long-path propagation?", + "answers": [ + "Periodic fading approximately every 10 seconds", + "Signal strength increased by 3 dB", + "The signal might be cancelled causing severe attenuation", + "A slightly delayed echo might be heard" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What factors affect the MUF?", + "answers": [ + "Path distance and location", + "Time of day and season", + "Solar radiation and ionospheric disturbances", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which frequency will have the least attenuation for long-distance skip propagation?", + "answers": [ + "Just below the MUF", + "Just above the LUF", + "Just below the critical frequency", + "Just above the critical frequency" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a way to determine current propagation on a desired band from your station?", + "answers": [ + "Use a network of automated receiving stations on the internet to see where your transmissions are being received", + "Check the A-index", + "Send a series of dots and listen for echoes", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does the ionosphere affect radio waves with frequencies below the MUF and above the LUF?", + "answers": [ + "They are refracted back to Earth", + "They pass through the ionosphere", + "They are amplified by interaction with the ionosphere", + "They are refracted and trapped in the ionosphere to circle Earth" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What usually happens to radio waves with frequencies below the LUF?", + "answers": [ + "They are refracted back to Earth", + "They pass through the ionosphere", + "They are attenuated before reaching the destination", + "They are refracted and trapped in the ionosphere to circle Earth" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What does LUF stand for?", + "answers": [ + "The Lowest Usable Frequency for communications between two specific points", + "The Lowest Usable Frequency for communications to any point outside a 100-mile radius", + "The Lowest Usable Frequency during a 24-hour period", + "The Lowest Usable Frequency during the past 60 minutes" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What does MUF stand for?", + "answers": [ + "The Minimum Usable Frequency for communications between two points", + "The Maximum Usable Frequency for communications between two points", + "The Minimum Usable Frequency during a 24-hour period", + "The Maximum Usable Frequency during a 24-hour period" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth’s surface normally covered in one hop using the F2 region?", + "answers": [ + "180 miles", + "1,200 miles", + "2,500 miles", + "12,000 miles" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth’s surface normally covered in one hop using the E region?", + "answers": [ + "180 miles", + "1,200 miles", + "2,500 miles", + "12,000 miles" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What happens to HF propagation when the LUF exceeds the MUF?", + "answers": [ + "Propagation via ordinary skywave communications is not possible over that path", + "HF communications over the path are enhanced", + "Double-hop propagation along the path is more common", + "Propagation over the path on all HF frequencies is enhanced" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is typical of the lower HF frequencies during the summer?", + "answers": [ + "Poor propagation at any time of day", + "World-wide propagation during daylight hours", + "Heavy distortion on signals due to photon absorption", + "High levels of atmospheric noise or static" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which ionospheric region is closest to the surface of Earth?", + "answers": [ + "The D region", + "The E region", + "The F1 region", + "The F2 region" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by the term “critical frequency” at a given incidence angle?", + "answers": [ + "The highest frequency which is refracted back to Earth", + "The lowest frequency which is refracted back to Earth", + "The frequency at which the signal-to-noise ratio approaches unity", + "The frequency at which the signal-to-noise ratio is 6 dB" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why is skip propagation via the F2 region longer than that via the other ionospheric regions?", + "answers": [ + "Because it is the densest", + "Because of the Doppler effect", + "Because it is the highest", + "Because of temperature inversions" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What does the term “critical angle” mean, as applied to radio wave propagation?", + "answers": [ + "The long path azimuth of a distant station", + "The short path azimuth of a distant station", + "The lowest takeoff angle that will return a radio wave to Earth under specific ionospheric conditions", + "The highest takeoff angle that will return a radio wave to Earth under specific ionospheric conditions" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why is long-distance communication on the 40-, 60-, 80-, and 160-meter bands more difficult during the day?", + "answers": [ + "The F region absorbs signals at these frequencies during daylight hours", + "The F region is unstable during daylight hours", + "The D region absorbs signals at these frequencies during daylight hours", + "The E region is unstable during daylight hours" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a characteristic of HF scatter?", + "answers": [ + "Phone signals have high intelligibility", + "Signals have a fluttering sound", + "There are very large, sudden swings in signal strength", + "Scatter propagation occurs only at night" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What makes HF scatter signals often sound distorted?", + "answers": [ + "The ionospheric region involved is unstable", + "Ground waves are absorbing much of the signal", + "The E region is not present", + "Energy is scattered into the skip zone through several different paths" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why are HF scatter signals in the skip zone usually weak?", + "answers": [ + "Only a small part of the signal energy is scattered into the skip zone", + "Signals are scattered from the magnetosphere, which is not a good reflector", + "Propagation is via ground waves, which absorb most of the signal energy", + "Propagation is via ducts in the F region, which absorb most of the energy" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What type of propagation allows signals to be heard in the transmitting station’s skip zone?", + "answers": [ + "Faraday rotation", + "Scatter", + "Chordal hop", + "Short-path" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) propagation?", + "answers": [ + "Propagation near the MUF", + "Short distance MF or HF propagation at high elevation angles", + "Long path HF propagation at sunrise and sunset", + "Double hop propagation near the LUF" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which ionospheric region is the most absorbent of signals below 10 MHz during daylight hours?", + "answers": [ + "The F2 region", + "The F1 region", + "The E region", + "The D region" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 4, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the purpose of the notch filter found on many HF transceivers?", + "answers": [ + "To restrict the transmitter voice bandwidth", + "To reduce interference from carriers in the receiver passband", + "To eliminate receiver interference from impulse noise sources", + "To remove interfering splatter generated by signals on adjacent frequencies" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the benefit of using the opposite or “reverse” sideband when receiving CW?", + "answers": [ + "Interference from impulse noise will be eliminated", + "More stations can be accommodated within a given signal passband", + "It may be possible to reduce or eliminate interference from other signals", + "Accidental out-of-band operation can be prevented" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does a noise blanker work?", + "answers": [ + "By temporarily increasing received bandwidth", + "By redirecting noise pulses into a filter capacitor", + "By reducing receiver gain during a noise pulse", + "By clipping noise peaks" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect on plate current of the correct setting of a vacuum-tube RF power amplifier’s TUNE control?", + "answers": [ + "A pronounced peak", + "A pronounced dip", + "No change will be observed", + "A slow, rhythmic oscillation" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why is automatic level control (ALC) used with an RF power amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "To balance the transmitter audio frequency response", + "To reduce harmonic radiation", + "To prevent excessive drive", + "To increase overall efficiency" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of an antenna tuner?", + "answers": [ + "Reduce the SWR in the feed line to the antenna", + "Reduce the power dissipation in the feedline to the antenna", + "Increase power transfer from the transmitter to the feed line", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What happens as a receiver’s noise reduction control level is increased?", + "answers": [ + "Received signals may become distorted", + "Received frequency may become unstable", + "CW signals may become severely attenuated", + "Received frequency may shift several kHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the correct adjustment for the LOAD or COUPLING control of a vacuum tube RF power amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "Minimum SWR on the antenna", + "Minimum plate current without exceeding maximum allowable grid current", + "Highest plate voltage while minimizing grid current", + "Desired power output without exceeding maximum allowable plate current" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of delaying RF output after activating a transmitter’s keying line to an external amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "To prevent key clicks on CW", + "To prevent transient overmodulation", + "To allow time for the amplifier to switch the antenna between the transceiver and the amplifier output", + "To allow time for the amplifier power supply to reach operating level" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of an electronic keyer?", + "answers": [ + "Automatic transmit/receive switching", + "Automatic generation of dots and dashes for CW operation", + "To allow time for switching the antenna from the receiver to the transmitter", + "Computer interface for PSK and RTTY operation" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why should the ALC system be inactive when transmitting AFSK data signals?", + "answers": [ + "ALC will invert the modulation of the AFSK mode", + "The ALC action distorts the signal", + "When using digital modes, too much ALC activity can cause the transmitter to overheat", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a common use of the dual-VFO feature on a transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "To allow transmitting on two frequencies at once", + "To permit full duplex operation -- that is, transmitting and receiving at the same time", + "To transmit on one frequency and listen on another", + "To improve frequency accuracy by allowing variable frequency output (VFO) operation" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of using a receive attenuator?", + "answers": [ + "To prevent receiver overload from strong incoming signals", + "To reduce the transmitter power when driving a linear amplifier", + "To reduce power consumption when operating from batteries", + "To reduce excessive audio level on strong signals" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What item of test equipment contains horizontal and vertical channel amplifiers?", + "answers": [ + "An ohmmeter", + "A signal generator", + "An ammeter", + "An oscilloscope" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an advantage of an oscilloscope versus a digital voltmeter?", + "answers": [ + "An oscilloscope uses less power", + "Complex impedances can be easily measured", + "Greater precision", + "Complex waveforms can be measured" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the best instrument to use for checking the keying waveform of a CW transmitter?", + "answers": [ + "An oscilloscope", + "A field strength meter", + "A sidetone monitor", + "A wavemeter" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What signal source is connected to the vertical input of an oscilloscope when checking the RF envelope pattern of a transmitted signal?", + "answers": [ + "The local oscillator of the transmitter", + "An external RF oscillator", + "The transmitter balanced mixer output", + "The attenuated RF output of the transmitter" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why do voltmeters have high input impedance?", + "answers": [ + "It improves the frequency response", + "It allows for higher voltages to be safely measured", + "It improves the resolution of the readings", + "It decreases the loading on circuits being measured" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is an advantage of a digital multimeter as compared to an analog multimeter?", + "answers": [ + "Better for measuring computer circuits", + "Less prone to overload", + "Higher precision", + "Faster response" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What signals are used to conduct a two-tone test?", + "answers": [ + "Two audio signals of the same frequency shifted 90 degrees", + "Two non-harmonically related audio signals", + "Two swept frequency tones", + "Two audio frequency range square wave signals of equal amplitude" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What transmitter performance parameter does a two-tone test analyze?", + "answers": [ + "Linearity", + "Percentage of suppression of the carrier and undesired sideband for SSB", + "Percentage of frequency modulation", + "Percentage of carrier phase shift" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "When is an analog multimeter preferred to a digital multimeter?", + "answers": [ + "When testing logic circuits", + "When high precision is desired", + "When measuring the frequency of an oscillator", + "When adjusting circuits for maximum or minimum values" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can be determined with a directional wattmeter?", + "answers": [ + "Standing wave ratio", + "Antenna front-to-back ratio", + "RF interference", + "Radio wave propagation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following must be connected to an antenna analyzer when it is being used for SWR measurements?", + "answers": [ + "Receiver", + "Transmitter", + "Antenna and feed line", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What effect can strong signals from nearby transmitters have on an antenna analyzer?", + "answers": [ + "Desensitization which can cause intermodulation products which interfere with impedance readings", + "Received power that interferes with SWR readings", + "Generation of harmonics which interfere with frequency readings", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can be measured with an antenna analyzer?", + "answers": [ + "Front-to-back ratio of an antenna", + "Power output from a transmitter", + "Impedance of coaxial cable", + "Gain of a directional antenna" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following might be useful in reducing RF interference to audio frequency circuits?", + "answers": [ + "Bypass inductor", + "Bypass capacitor", + "Forward-biased diode", + "Reverse-biased diode" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following could be a cause of interference covering a wide range of frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "Not using a balun or line isolator to feed balanced antennas", + "Lack of rectification of the transmitter’s signal in power conductors", + "Arcing at a poor electrical connection", + "Using a balun to feed an unbalanced antenna" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What sound is heard from an audio device experiencing RF interference from a single sideband phone transmitter?", + "answers": [ + "A steady hum whenever the transmitter is on the air", + "On-and-off humming or clicking", + "Distorted speech", + "Clearly audible speech" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What sound is heard from an audio device experiencing RF interference from a CW transmitter?", + "answers": [ + "On-and-off humming or clicking", + "A CW signal at a nearly pure audio frequency", + "A chirpy CW signal", + "Severely distorted audio" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is a possible cause of high voltages that produce RF burns?", + "answers": [ + "Flat braid rather than round wire has been used for the ground wire", + "Insulated wire has been used for the ground wire", + "The ground rod is resonant", + "The ground wire has high impedance on that frequency" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a possible effect of a resonant ground connection?", + "answers": [ + "Overheating of ground straps", + "Corrosion of the ground rod", + "High RF voltages on the enclosures of station equipment", + "A ground loop" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why should soldered joints not be used in lightning protection ground connections?", + "answers": [ + "A soldered joint will likely be destroyed by the heat of a lightning strike", + "Solder flux will prevent a low conductivity connection", + "Solder has too high a dielectric constant to provide adequate lightning protection", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following would reduce RF interference caused by common-mode current on an audio cable?", + "answers": [ + "Place a ferrite choke on the cable", + "Connect the center conductor to the shield of all cables to short circuit the RFI signal", + "Ground the center conductor of the audio cable causing the interference", + "Add an additional insulating jacket to the cable" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How can the effects of ground loops be minimized?", + "answers": [ + "Connect all ground conductors in series", + "Connect the AC neutral conductor to the ground wire", + "Avoid using lock washers and star washers when making ground connections", + "Bond equipment enclosures together" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What could be a symptom caused by a ground loop in your station’s audio connections?", + "answers": [ + "You receive reports of “hum” on your station’s transmitted signal", + "The SWR reading for one or more antennas is suddenly very high", + "An item of station equipment starts to draw excessive amounts of current", + "You receive reports of harmonic interference from your station" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What technique helps to minimize RF “hot spots” in an amateur station?", + "answers": [ + "Building all equipment in a metal enclosure", + "Using surge suppressor power outlets", + "Bonding all equipment enclosures together", + "Placing low-pass filters on all feed lines" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why must all metal enclosures of station equipment be grounded?", + "answers": [ + "It prevents a blown fuse in the event of an internal short circuit", + "It prevents signal overload", + "It ensures that the neutral wire is grounded", + "It ensures that hazardous voltages cannot appear on the chassis" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a speech processor in a transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "Increase the apparent loudness of transmitted voice signals", + "Increase transmitter bass response for more natural-sounding SSB signals", + "Prevent distortion of voice signals", + "Decrease high-frequency voice output to prevent out-of-band operation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does a speech processor affect a single sideband phone signal?", + "answers": [ + "It increases peak power", + "It increases average power", + "It reduces harmonic distortion", + "It reduces intermodulation distortion" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of an incorrectly adjusted speech processor?", + "answers": [ + "Distorted speech", + "Excess intermodulation products", + "Excessive background noise", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What does an S meter measure?", + "answers": [ + "Carrier suppression", + "Impedance", + "Received signal strength", + "Transmitter power output" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does a signal that reads 20 dB over S9 compare to one that reads S9 on a receiver, assuming a properly calibrated S meter?", + "answers": [ + "It is 10 times less powerful", + "It is 20 times less powerful", + "It is 20 times more powerful", + "It is 100 times more powerful" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How much change in signal strength is typically represented by one S unit?", + "answers": [ + "6 dB", + "12 dB", + "15 dB", + "18 dB" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How much must the power output of a transmitter be raised to change the S meter reading on a distant receiver from S8 to S9?", + "answers": [ + "Approximately 1.5 times", + "Approximately 2 times", + "Approximately 4 times", + "Approximately 8 times" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What frequency range is occupied by a 3 kHz LSB signal when the displayed carrier frequency is set to 7.178 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "7.178 MHz to 7.181 MHz", + "7.178 MHz to 7.184 MHz", + "7.175 MHz to 7.178 MHz", + "7.1765 MHz to 7.1795 MHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What frequency range is occupied by a 3 kHz USB signal with the displayed carrier frequency set to 14.347 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "14.347 MHz to 14.647 MHz", + "14.347 MHz to 14.350 MHz", + "14.344 MHz to 14.347 MHz", + "14.3455 MHz to 14.3485 MHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How close to the lower edge of a band’s phone segment should your displayed carrier frequency be when using 3 kHz wide LSB?", + "answers": [ + "At least 3 kHz above the edge of the segment", + "At least 3 kHz below the edge of the segment", + "At least 1 kHz below the edge of the segment", + "At least 1 kHz above the edge of the segment" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How close to the upper edge of a band’s phone segment should your displayed carrier frequency be when using 3 kHz wide USB?", + "answers": [ + "At least 3 kHz above the edge of the band", + "At least 3 kHz below the edge of the band", + "At least 1 kHz above the edge of the segment", + "At least 1 kHz below the edge of the segment" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "E", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a capacitance hat on a mobile antenna?", + "answers": [ + "To increase the power handling capacity of a whip antenna", + "To reduce radiation resistance", + "To electrically lengthen a physically short antenna", + "To lower the radiation angle" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a corona ball on an HF mobile antenna?", + "answers": [ + "To narrow the operating bandwidth of the antenna", + "To increase the “Q” of the antenna", + "To reduce the chance of damage if the antenna should strike an object", + "To reduce RF voltage discharge from the tip of the antenna while transmitting" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following direct, fused power connections would be the best for a 100-watt HF mobile installation?", + "answers": [ + "To the battery using heavy-gauge wire", + "To the alternator or generator using heavy-gauge wire", + "To the battery using insulated heavy duty balanced transmission line", + "To the alternator or generator using insulated heavy duty balanced transmission line" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why should DC power for a 100-watt HF transceiver not be supplied by a vehicle’s auxiliary power socket?", + "answers": [ + "The socket is not wired with an RF-shielded power cable", + "The socket’s wiring may be inadequate for the current drawn by the transceiver", + "The DC polarity of the socket is reversed from the polarity of modern HF transceivers", + "Drawing more than 50 watts from this socket could cause the engine to overheat" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following most limits an HF mobile installation?", + "answers": [ + "“Picket fencing”", + "The wire gauge of the DC power line to the transceiver", + "Efficiency of the electrically short antenna", + "FCC rules limiting mobile output power on the 75-meter band" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is one disadvantage of using a shortened mobile antenna as opposed to a full-size antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Short antennas are more likely to cause distortion of transmitted signals", + "Q of the antenna will be very low", + "Operating bandwidth may be very limited", + "Harmonic radiation may increase" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following may cause receive interference to an HF transceiver installed in a vehicle?", + "answers": [ + "The battery charging system", + "The fuel delivery system", + "The control computers", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "In what configuration are the individual cells in a solar panel connected together?", + "answers": [ + "Series-parallel", + "Shunt", + "Bypass", + "Full-wave bridge" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate open-circuit voltage from a fully illuminated silicon photovoltaic cell?", + "answers": [ + "0.02 VDC", + "0.5 VDC", + "0.2 VDC", + "1.38 VDC" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why should a series diode be connected between a solar panel and a storage battery that is being charged by the panel?", + "answers": [ + "To prevent overload by regulating the charging voltage", + "To prevent discharge of the battery through the panel during times of low or no illumination", + "To limit the current flowing from the panel to a safe value", + "To prevent damage to the battery due to excessive voltage at high illumination levels" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What precaution should be taken when connecting a solar panel to a lithium iron phosphate battery?", + "answers": [ + "Ground the solar panel outer metal framework", + "Ensure the battery is placed terminals-up", + "A series resistor must be in place", + "The solar panel must have a charge controller" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 5, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What happens when inductive and capacitive reactance are equal in a series LC circuit?", + "answers": [ + "Resonance causes impedance to be very high", + "Impedance is equal to the geometric mean of the inductance and capacitance", + "Resonance causes impedance to be very low", + "Impedance is equal to the arithmetic mean of the inductance and capacitance" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is reactance?", + "answers": [ + "Opposition to the flow of direct current caused by resistance", + "Opposition to the flow of alternating current caused by capacitance or inductance", + "Reinforcement of the flow of direct current caused by resistance", + "Reinforcement of the flow of alternating current caused by capacitance or inductance" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is opposition to the flow of alternating current in an inductor?", + "answers": [ + "Conductance", + "Reluctance", + "Admittance", + "Reactance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is opposition to the flow of alternating current in a capacitor?", + "answers": [ + "Conductance", + "Reluctance", + "Reactance", + "Admittance" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does an inductor react to AC?", + "answers": [ + "As the frequency of the applied AC increases, the reactance decreases", + "As the amplitude of the applied AC increases, the reactance increases", + "As the amplitude of the applied AC increases, the reactance decreases", + "As the frequency of the applied AC increases, the reactance increases" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How does a capacitor react to AC?", + "answers": [ + "As the frequency of the applied AC increases, the reactance decreases", + "As the frequency of the applied AC increases, the reactance increases", + "As the amplitude of the applied AC increases, the reactance increases", + "As the amplitude of the applied AC increases, the reactance decreases" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the inverse of impedance?", + "answers": [ + "Conductance", + "Susceptance", + "Reluctance", + "Admittance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is impedance?", + "answers": [ + "The ratio of current to voltage", + "The product of current and voltage", + "The ratio of voltage to current", + "The product of current and reactance" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What unit is used to measure reactance?", + "answers": [ + "Farad", + "Ohm", + "Ampere", + "Siemens" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following devices can be used for impedance matching at radio frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "A transformer", + "A Pi-network", + "A length of transmission line", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What letter is used to represent reactance?", + "answers": [ + "Z", + "X", + "B", + "Y" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What occurs in an LC circuit at resonance?", + "answers": [ + "Current and voltage are equal", + "Resistance is cancelled", + "The circuit radiates all its energy in the form of radio waves", + "Inductive reactance and capacitive reactance cancel" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What dB change represents a factor of two increase or decrease in power?", + "answers": [ + "Approximately 2 dB", + "Approximately 3 dB", + "Approximately 6 dB", + "Approximately 9 dB" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How does the total current relate to the individual currents in a circuit of parallel resistors?", + "answers": [ + "It equals the average of the branch currents", + "It decreases as more parallel branches are added to the circuit", + "It equals the sum of the currents through each branch", + "It is the sum of the reciprocal of each individual voltage drop" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How many watts of electrical power are consumed if 400 VDC is supplied to an 800-ohm load?", + "answers": [ + "0.5 watts", + "200 watts", + "400 watts", + "3200 watts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How many watts of electrical power are consumed by a 12 VDC light bulb that draws 0.2 amperes?", + "answers": [ + "2.4 watts", + "24 watts", + "6 watts", + "60 watts" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How many watts are consumed when a current of 7.0 milliamperes flows through a 1,250-ohm resistance?", + "answers": [ + "Approximately 61 milliwatts", + "Approximately 61 watts", + "Approximately 11 milliwatts", + "Approximately 11 watts" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the PEP produced by 200 volts peak-to-peak across a 50-ohm dummy load?", + "answers": [ + "1.4 watts", + "100 watts", + "353.5 watts", + "400 watts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What value of an AC signal produces the same power dissipation in a resistor as a DC voltage of the same value?", + "answers": [ + "The peak-to-peak value", + "The peak value", + "The RMS value", + "The reciprocal of the RMS value" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the peak-to-peak voltage of a sine wave with an RMS voltage of 120 volts?", + "answers": [ + "84.8 volts", + "169.7 volts", + "240.0 volts", + "339.4 volts" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the RMS voltage of a sine wave with a value of 17 volts peak?", + "answers": [ + "8.5 volts", + "12 volts", + "24 volts", + "34 volts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What percentage of power loss is equivalent to a loss of 1 dB?", + "answers": [ + "10.9 percent", + "12.2 percent", + "20.6 percent", + "25.9 percent" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the ratio of PEP to average power for an unmodulated carrier?", + "answers": [ + "0.707", + "1.00", + "1.414", + "2.00" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the RMS voltage across a 50-ohm dummy load dissipating 1200 watts?", + "answers": [ + "173 volts", + "245 volts", + "346 volts", + "692 volts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the output PEP of an unmodulated carrier if the average power is 1060 watts?", + "answers": [ + "530 watts", + "1060 watts", + "1500 watts", + "2120 watts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the output PEP of 500 volts peak-to-peak across a 50-ohm load?", + "answers": [ + "8.75 watts", + "625 watts", + "2500 watts", + "5000 watts" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What causes a voltage to appear across the secondary winding of a transformer when an AC voltage source is connected across its primary winding?", + "answers": [ + "Capacitive coupling", + "Displacement current coupling", + "Mutual inductance", + "Mutual capacitance" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the output voltage if an input signal is applied to the secondary winding of a 4:1 voltage step-down transformer instead of the primary winding?", + "answers": [ + "The input voltage is multiplied by 4", + "The input voltage is divided by 4", + "Additional resistance must be added in series with the primary to prevent overload", + "Additional resistance must be added in parallel with the secondary to prevent overload" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the total resistance of a 10-, a 20-, and a 50-ohm resistor connected in parallel?", + "answers": [ + "5.9 ohms", + "0.17 ohms", + "17 ohms", + "80 ohms" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate total resistance of a 100- and a 200-ohm resistor in parallel?", + "answers": [ + "300 ohms", + "150 ohms", + "75 ohms", + "67 ohms" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why is the primary winding wire of a voltage step-up transformer usually a larger size than that of the secondary winding?", + "answers": [ + "To improve the coupling between the primary and secondary", + "To accommodate the higher current of the primary", + "To prevent parasitic oscillations due to resistive losses in the primary", + "To ensure that the volume of the primary winding is equal to the volume of the secondary winding" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the voltage output of a transformer with a 500-turn primary and a 1500-turn secondary when 120 VAC is applied to the primary?", + "answers": [ + "360 volts", + "120 volts", + "40 volts", + "25.5 volts" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What transformer turns ratio matches an antenna’s 600-ohm feed point impedance to a 50-ohm coaxial cable?", + "answers": [ + "3.5 to 1", + "12 to 1", + "24 to 1", + "144 to 1" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the equivalent capacitance of two 5.0-nanofarad capacitors and one 750-picofarad capacitor connected in parallel?", + "answers": [ + "576.9 nanofarads", + "1,733 picofarads", + "3,583 picofarads", + "10.750 nanofarads" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the capacitance of three 100-microfarad capacitors connected in series?", + "answers": [ + "0.33 microfarads", + "3.0 microfarads", + "33.3 microfarads", + "300 microfarads" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the inductance of three 10-millihenry inductors connected in parallel?", + "answers": [ + "0.30 henries", + "3.3 henries", + "3.3 millihenries", + "30 millihenries" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the inductance of a circuit with a 20-millihenry inductor connected in series with a 50-millihenry inductor?", + "answers": [ + "7 millihenries", + "14.3 millihenries", + "70 millihenries", + "1,000 millihenries" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the capacitance of a 20-microfarad capacitor connected in series with a 50-microfarad capacitor?", + "answers": [ + "0.07 microfarads", + "14.3 microfarads", + "70 microfarads", + "1,000 microfarads" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following components should be added to a capacitor to increase the capacitance?", + "answers": [ + "An inductor in series", + "An inductor in parallel", + "A capacitor in parallel", + "A capacitor in series" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following components should be added to an inductor to increase the inductance?", + "answers": [ + "A capacitor in series", + "A capacitor in parallel", + "An inductor in parallel", + "An inductor in series" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 6, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the minimum allowable discharge voltage for maximum life of a standard 12-volt lead-acid battery?", + "answers": [ + "6 volts", + "8.5 volts", + "10.5 volts", + "12 volts" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is an advantage of batteries with low internal resistance?", + "answers": [ + "Long life", + "High discharge current", + "High voltage", + "Rapid recharge" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate forward threshold voltage of a germanium diode?", + "answers": [ + "0.1 volt", + "0.3 volts", + "0.7 volts", + "1.0 volts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is characteristic of an electrolytic capacitor?", + "answers": [ + "Tight tolerance", + "Much less leakage than any other type", + "High capacitance for a given volume", + "Inexpensive RF capacitor" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate forward threshold voltage of a silicon junction diode?", + "answers": [ + "0.1 volt", + "0.3 volts", + "0.7 volts", + "1.0 volts" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why should wire-wound resistors not be used in RF circuits?", + "answers": [ + "The resistor’s tolerance value would not be adequate", + "The resistor’s inductance could make circuit performance unpredictable", + "The resistor could overheat", + "The resistor’s internal capacitance would detune the circuit" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What are the operating points for a bipolar transistor used as a switch?", + "answers": [ + "Saturation and cutoff", + "The active region (between cutoff and saturation)", + "Peak and valley current points", + "Enhancement and depletion modes" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is characteristic of low voltage ceramic capacitors?", + "answers": [ + "Tight tolerance", + "High stability", + "High capacitance for given volume", + "Comparatively low cost" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes MOSFET construction?", + "answers": [ + "The gate is formed by a back-biased junction", + "The gate is separated from the channel by a thin insulating layer", + "The source is separated from the drain by a thin insulating layer", + "The source is formed by depositing metal on silicon" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which element of a vacuum tube regulates the flow of electrons between cathode and plate?", + "answers": [ + "Control grid", + "Suppressor grid", + "Screen grid", + "Trigger electrode" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What happens when an inductor is operated above its self-resonant frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Its reactance increases", + "Harmonics are generated", + "It becomes capacitive", + "Catastrophic failure is likely" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the primary purpose of a screen grid in a vacuum tube?", + "answers": [ + "To reduce grid-to-plate capacitance", + "To increase efficiency", + "To increase the control grid resistance", + "To decrease plate resistance" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What determines the performance of a ferrite core at different frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "Its conductivity", + "Its thickness", + "The composition, or “mix,” of materials used", + "The ratio of outer diameter to inner diameter" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by the term MMIC?", + "answers": [ + "Multi-Mode Integrated Circuit", + "Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit", + "Metal Monolayer Integrated Circuit", + "Mode Modulated Integrated Circuit" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an advantage of CMOS integrated circuits compared to TTL integrated circuits?", + "answers": [ + "Low power consumption", + "High power handling capability", + "Better suited for RF amplification", + "Better suited for power supply regulation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is a typical upper frequency limit for low SWR operation of 50-ohm BNC connectors?", + "answers": [ + "50 MHz", + "500 MHz", + "4 GHz", + "40 GHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is an advantage of using a ferrite core toroidal inductor?", + "answers": [ + "Large values of inductance may be obtained", + "The magnetic properties of the core may be optimized for a specific range of frequencies", + "Most of the magnetic field is contained in the core", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What kind of device is an integrated circuit operational amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "Digital", + "MMIC", + "Programmable Logic", + "Analog" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a type N connector?", + "answers": [ + "A moisture-resistant RF connector useful to 10 GHz", + "A small bayonet connector used for data circuits", + "A low noise figure VHF connector", + "A nickel plated version of the PL-259" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How is an LED biased when emitting light?", + "answers": [ + "In the tunnel-effect region", + "At the Zener voltage", + "Reverse biased", + "Forward biased" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How does a ferrite bead or core reduce common-mode RF current on the shield of a coaxial cable?", + "answers": [ + "By creating an impedance in the current’s path", + "It converts common-mode current to differential mode current", + "By creating an out-of-phase current to cancel the common-mode current", + "Ferrites expel magnetic fields" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is an SMA connector?", + "answers": [ + "A type-S to type-M adaptor", + "A small threaded connector suitable for signals up to several GHz", + "A connector designed for serial multiple access signals", + "A type of push-on connector intended for high-voltage applications" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these connector types is commonly used for low frequency or dc signal connections to a transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "PL-259", + "BNC", + "RCA Phono", + "Type N" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 7, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the function of a power supply bleeder resistor?", + "answers": [ + "It acts as a fuse for excess voltage", + "It discharges the filter capacitors when power is removed", + "It removes shock hazards from the induction coils", + "It eliminates ground loop current" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following components are used in a power supply filter network?", + "answers": [ + "Diodes", + "Transformers and transducers", + "Capacitors and inductors", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which type of rectifier circuit uses two diodes and a center-tapped transformer?", + "answers": [ + "Full-wave", + "Full-wave bridge", + "Half-wave", + "Synchronous" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is characteristic of a half-wave rectifier in a power supply?", + "answers": [ + "Only one diode is required", + "The ripple frequency is twice that of a full-wave rectifier", + "More current can be drawn from the half-wave rectifier", + "The output voltage is two times the peak input voltage" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What portion of the AC cycle is converted to DC by a half-wave rectifier?", + "answers": [ + "90 degrees", + "180 degrees", + "270 degrees", + "360 degrees" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What portion of the AC cycle is converted to DC by a full-wave rectifier?", + "answers": [ + "90 degrees", + "180 degrees", + "270 degrees", + "360 degrees" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the output waveform of an unfiltered full-wave rectifier connected to a resistive load?", + "answers": [ + "A series of DC pulses at twice the frequency of the AC input", + "A series of DC pulses at the same frequency as the AC input", + "A sine wave at half the frequency of the AC input", + "A steady DC voltage" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is characteristic of a switchmode power supply as compared to a linear power supply?", + "answers": [ + "Faster switching time makes higher output voltage possible", + "Fewer circuit components are required", + "High-frequency operation allows the use of smaller components", + "Inherently more stable" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which symbol in figure G7-1 represents a field effect transistor?", + "answers": [ + "Symbol 2", + "Symbol 5", + "Symbol 1", + "Symbol 4" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which symbol in figure G7-1 represents a Zener diode?", + "answers": [ + "Symbol 4", + "Symbol 1", + "Symbol 11", + "Symbol 5" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which symbol in figure G7-1 represents an NPN junction transistor?", + "answers": [ + "Symbol 1", + "Symbol 2", + "Symbol 7", + "Symbol 11" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which symbol in Figure G7-1 represents a solid core transformer?", + "answers": [ + "Symbol 4", + "Symbol 7", + "Symbol 6", + "Symbol 1" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "G7-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "Which symbol in Figure G7-1 represents a tapped inductor?", + "answers": [ + "Symbol 7", + "Symbol 11", + "Symbol 6", + "Symbol 1" + ], + "correct": 0, + "image_path": "G7-1.png" + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the purpose of neutralizing an amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "To limit the modulation index", + "To eliminate self-oscillations", + "To cut off the final amplifier during standby periods", + "To keep the carrier on frequency" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these classes of amplifiers has the highest efficiency?", + "answers": [ + "Class A", + "Class B", + "Class AB", + "Class C" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes the function of a two-input AND gate?", + "answers": [ + "Output is high when either or both inputs are low", + "Output is high only when both inputs are high", + "Output is low when either or both inputs are high", + "Output is low only when both inputs are high" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "In a Class A amplifier, what percentage of the time does the amplifying device conduct?", + "answers": [ + "100%", + "More than 50% but less than 100%", + "50%", + "Less than 50%" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How many states does a 3-bit binary counter have?", + "answers": [ + "3", + "6", + "8", + "16" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a shift register?", + "answers": [ + "A clocked array of circuits that passes data in steps along the array", + "An array of operational amplifiers used for tri-state arithmetic operations", + "A digital mixer", + "An analog mixer" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are basic components of a sine wave oscillator?", + "answers": [ + "An amplifier and a divider", + "A frequency multiplier and a mixer", + "A circulator and a filter operating in a feed-forward loop", + "A filter and an amplifier operating in a feedback loop" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How is the efficiency of an RF power amplifier determined?", + "answers": [ + "Divide the DC input power by the DC output power", + "Divide the RF output power by the DC input power", + "Multiply the RF input power by the reciprocal of the RF output power", + "Add the RF input power to the DC output power" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What determines the frequency of an LC oscillator?", + "answers": [ + "The number of stages in the counter", + "The number of stages in the divider", + "The inductance and capacitance in the tank circuit", + "The time delay of the lag circuit" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a linear amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "Any RF power amplifier used in conjunction with an amateur transceiver", + "An amplifier in which the output preserves the input waveform", + "A Class C high efficiency amplifier", + "An amplifier used as a frequency multiplier" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "For which of the following modes is a Class C power stage appropriate for amplifying a modulated signal?", + "answers": [ + "SSB", + "FM", + "AM", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What circuit is used to select one of the sidebands from a balanced modulator?", + "answers": [ + "Carrier oscillator", + "Filter", + "IF amplifier", + "RF amplifier" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What output is produced by a balanced modulator?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency modulated RF", + "Audio with equalized frequency response", + "Audio extracted from the modulation signal", + "Double-sideband modulated RF" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is one reason to use an impedance matching transformer at a transmitter output?", + "answers": [ + "To minimize transmitter power output", + "To present the desired impedance to the transmitter and feed line", + "To reduce power supply ripple", + "To minimize radiation resistance" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How is a product detector used?", + "answers": [ + "Used in test gear to detect spurious mixing products", + "Used in a transmitter to perform frequency multiplication", + "Used in an FM receiver to filter out unwanted sidebands", + "Used in a single sideband receiver to extract the modulated signal" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is characteristic of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS)?", + "answers": [ + "Extremely narrow tuning range", + "Relatively high-power output", + "Pure sine wave output", + "Variable output frequency with the stability of a crystal oscillator" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an advantage of a digital signal processing (DSP) filter compared to an analog filter?", + "answers": [ + "A wide range of filter bandwidths and shapes can be created", + "Fewer digital components are required", + "Mixing products are greatly reduced", + "The DSP filter is much more effective at VHF frequencies" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What term specifies a filter’s attenuation inside its passband?", + "answers": [ + "Insertion loss", + "Return loss", + "Q", + "Ultimate rejection" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which parameter affects receiver sensitivity?", + "answers": [ + "Input amplifier gain", + "Demodulator stage bandwidth", + "Input amplifier noise figure", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the phase difference between the I and Q RF signals that software-defined radio (SDR) equipment uses for modulation and demodulation?", + "answers": [ + "Zero", + "90 degrees", + "180 degrees", + "45 degrees" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is an advantage of using I-Q modulation with software-defined radios (SDRs)?", + "answers": [ + "The need for high resolution analog-to-digital converters is eliminated", + "All types of modulation can be created with appropriate processing", + "Minimum detectible signal level is reduced", + "Automatic conversion of the signal from digital to analog" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these functions is performed by software in a software-defined radio (SDR)?", + "answers": [ + "Filtering", + "Detection", + "Modulation", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the frequency above which a low-pass filter’s output power is less than half the input power?", + "answers": [ + "Notch frequency", + "Neper frequency", + "Cutoff frequency", + "Rolloff frequency" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What term specifies a filter’s maximum ability to reject signals outside its passband?", + "answers": [ + "Notch depth", + "Rolloff", + "Insertion loss", + "Ultimate rejection" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "The bandwidth of a band-pass filter is measured between what two frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "Upper and lower half-power", + "Cutoff and rolloff", + "Pole and zero", + "Image and harmonic" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 8, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "How is direct binary FSK modulation generated?", + "answers": [ + "By keying an FM transmitter with a sub-audible tone", + "By changing an oscillator’s frequency directly with a digital control signal", + "By using a transceiver’s computer data interface protocol to change frequencies", + "By reconfiguring the CW keying input to act as a tone generator" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of the process that changes the phase angle of an RF signal to convey information?", + "answers": [ + "Phase convolution", + "Phase modulation", + "Phase transformation", + "Phase inversion" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of the process that changes the instantaneous frequency of an RF wave to convey information?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency convolution", + "Frequency transformation", + "Frequency conversion", + "Frequency modulation" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What emission is produced by a reactance modulator connected to a transmitter RF amplifier stage?", + "answers": [ + "Multiplex modulation", + "Phase modulation", + "Amplitude modulation", + "Pulse modulation" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What type of modulation varies the instantaneous power level of the RF signal?", + "answers": [ + "Power modulation", + "Phase modulation", + "Frequency modulation", + "Amplitude modulation" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is characteristic of QPSK31?", + "answers": [ + "It is sideband sensitive", + "Its encoding provides error correction", + "Its bandwidth is approximately the same as BPSK31", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following phone emissions uses the narrowest bandwidth?", + "answers": [ + "Single sideband", + "Vestigial sideband", + "Phase modulation", + "Frequency modulation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an effect of overmodulation?", + "answers": [ + "Insufficient audio", + "Insufficient bandwidth", + "Frequency drift", + "Excessive bandwidth" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What type of modulation is used by FT8?", + "answers": [ + "8-tone frequency shift keying", + "Vestigial sideband", + "Amplitude compressed AM", + "8-bit direct sequence spread spectrum" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by the term “flat-topping,” when referring to an amplitude-modulated phone signal?", + "answers": [ + "Signal distortion caused by insufficient collector current", + "The transmitter’s automatic level control (ALC) is properly adjusted", + "Signal distortion caused by excessive drive or speech levels", + "The transmitter’s carrier is properly suppressed" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the modulation envelope of an AM signal?", + "answers": [ + "The waveform created by connecting the peak values of the modulated signal", + "The carrier frequency that contains the signal", + "Spurious signals that envelop nearby frequencies", + "The bandwidth of the modulated signal" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is QPSK modulation?", + "answers": [ + "Modulation using quasi-parallel to serial conversion to reduce bandwidth", + "Modulation using quadra-pole sideband keying to generate spread spectrum signals", + "Modulation using Fast Fourier Transforms to generate frequencies at the first, second, third, and fourth harmonics of the carrier frequency to improve noise immunity", + "Modulation in which digital data is transmitted using 0-, 90-, 180- and 270-degrees phase shift to represent pairs of bits" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a link budget?", + "answers": [ + "The financial costs associated with operating a radio link", + "The sum of antenna gains minus system losses", + "The sum of transmit power and antenna gains minus system losses as seen at the receiver", + "The difference between transmit power and receiver sensitivity" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is link margin?", + "answers": [ + "The opposite of fade margin", + "The difference between received power level and minimum required signal level at the input to the receiver", + "Transmit power minus receiver sensitivity", + "Receiver sensitivity plus 3 dB" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which mixer input is varied or tuned to convert signals of different frequencies to an intermediate frequency (IF)?", + "answers": [ + "Image frequency", + "Local oscillator", + "RF input", + "Beat frequency oscillator" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for interference from a signal at twice the IF frequency from the desired signal?", + "answers": [ + "Quadrature response", + "Image response", + "Mixer interference", + "Intermediate interference" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is another term for the mixing of two RF signals?", + "answers": [ + "Heterodyning", + "Synthesizing", + "Frequency inversion", + "Phase inversion" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the stage in a VHF FM transmitter that generates a harmonic of a lower frequency signal to reach the desired operating frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Mixer", + "Reactance modulator", + "Balanced converter", + "Multiplier" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which intermodulation products are closest to the original signal frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "Second harmonics", + "Even-order", + "Odd-order", + "Intercept point" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the total bandwidth of an FM phone transmission having 5 kHz deviation and 3 kHz modulating frequency?", + "answers": [ + "3 kHz", + "5 kHz", + "8 kHz", + "16 kHz" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the frequency deviation for a 12.21 MHz reactance modulated oscillator in a 5 kHz deviation, 146.52 MHz FM phone transmitter?", + "answers": [ + "101.75 Hz", + "416.7 Hz", + "5 kHz", + "60 kHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why is it important to know the duty cycle of the mode you are using when transmitting?", + "answers": [ + "To aid in tuning your transmitter", + "Some modes have high duty cycles that could exceed the transmitter’s average power rating", + "To allow time for the other station to break in during a transmission", + "To prevent overmodulation" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why is it good to match receiver bandwidth to the bandwidth of the operating mode?", + "answers": [ + "It is required by FCC rules", + "It minimizes power consumption in the receiver", + "It improves impedance matching of the antenna", + "It results in the best signal-to-noise ratio" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between transmitted symbol rate and bandwidth?", + "answers": [ + "Symbol rate and bandwidth are not related", + "Higher symbol rates require wider bandwidth", + "Lower symbol rates require wider bandwidth", + "Bandwidth is half the symbol rate" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What combination of a mixer’s Local Oscillator (LO) and RF input frequencies is found in the output?", + "answers": [ + "The ratio", + "The average", + "The sum and difference", + "The arithmetic product" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What process combines two signals in a non-linear circuit to produce unwanted spurious outputs?", + "answers": [ + "Intermodulation", + "Heterodyning", + "Detection", + "Rolloff" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an odd-order intermodulation product of frequencies F1 and F2?", + "answers": [ + "5F1-3F2", + "3F1-F2", + "2F1-F2", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "On what band do amateurs share channels with the unlicensed Wi-Fi service?", + "answers": [ + "432 MHz", + "902 MHz", + "2.4 GHz", + "10.7 GHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which digital mode is used as a low-power beacon for assessing HF propagation?", + "answers": [ + "WSPR", + "MFSK16", + "PSK31", + "SSB-SC" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What part of a packet radio frame contains the routing and handling information?", + "answers": [ + "Directory", + "Preamble", + "Header", + "Trailer" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes Baudot code?", + "answers": [ + "A 7-bit code with start, stop, and parity bits", + "A code using error detection and correction", + "A 5-bit code with additional start and stop bits", + "A code using SELCAL and LISTEN" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "In an ARQ mode, what is meant by a NAK response to a transmitted packet?", + "answers": [ + "Request retransmission of the packet", + "Packet was received without error", + "Receiving station connected and ready for transmissions", + "Entire file received correctly" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What action results from a failure to exchange information due to excessive transmission attempts when using an ARQ mode?", + "answers": [ + "The checksum overflows", + "The connection is dropped", + "Packets will be routed incorrectly", + "Encoding reverts to the default character set" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following narrow-band digital modes can receive signals with very low signal-to-noise ratios?", + "answers": [ + "MSK144", + "FT8", + "AMTOR", + "MFSK32" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following statements is true about PSK31?", + "answers": [ + "Upper case letters are sent with more power", + "Upper case letters use longer Varicode bit sequences and thus slow down transmission", + "Error correction is used to ensure accurate message reception", + "Higher power is needed as compared to RTTY for similar error rates" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which is true of mesh network microwave nodes?", + "answers": [ + "Having more nodes increases signal strengths", + "If one node fails, a packet may still reach its target station via an alternate node", + "Links between two nodes in a network may have different frequencies and bandwidths", + "More nodes reduce overall microwave out of band interference" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How does forward error correction (FEC) allow the receiver to correct data errors?", + "answers": [ + "By controlling transmitter output power for optimum signal strength", + "By using the Varicode character set", + "By transmitting redundant information with the data", + "By using a parity bit with each character" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How are the two separate frequencies of a Frequency Shift Keyed (FSK) signal identified?", + "answers": [ + "Dot and dash", + "On and off", + "High and low", + "Mark and space" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which type of code is used for sending characters in a PSK31 signal?", + "answers": [ + "Varicode", + "Viterbi", + "Volumetric", + "Binary" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is indicated on a waterfall display by one or more vertical lines on either side of a data mode or RTTY signal?", + "answers": [ + "Long path propagation", + "Backscatter propagation", + "Insufficient modulation", + "Overmodulation" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a waterfall display?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency is horizontal, signal strength is vertical, time is intensity", + "Frequency is vertical, signal strength is intensity, time is horizontal", + "Frequency is horizontal, signal strength is intensity, time is vertical", + "Frequency is vertical, signal strength is horizontal, time is intensity" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What does an FT8 signal report of +3 mean?", + "answers": [ + "The signal is 3 times the noise level of an equivalent SSB signal", + "The signal is S3 (weak signals)", + "The signal-to-noise ratio is equivalent to +3dB in a 2.5 kHz bandwidth", + "The signal is 3 dB over S9" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following provide digital voice modes?", + "answers": [ + "WSPR, MFSK16, and EasyPAL", + "FT8, FT4, and FST4", + "Winlink, PACTOR II, and PACTOR III", + "DMR, D-STAR, and SystemFusion" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 9, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following factors determine the characteristic impedance of a parallel conductor feed line?", + "answers": [ + "The distance between the centers of the conductors and the radius of the conductors", + "The distance between the centers of the conductors and the length of the line", + "The radius of the conductors and the frequency of the signal", + "The frequency of the signal and the length of the line" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between high standing wave ratio (SWR) and transmission line loss?", + "answers": [ + "There is no relationship between transmission line loss and SWR", + "High SWR increases loss in a lossy transmission line", + "High SWR makes it difficult to measure transmission line loss", + "High SWR reduces the relative effect of transmission line loss" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the nominal characteristic impedance of “window line” transmission line?", + "answers": [ + "50 ohms", + "75 ohms", + "100 ohms", + "450 ohms" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What causes reflected power at an antenna’s feed point?", + "answers": [ + "Operating an antenna at its resonant frequency", + "Using more transmitter power than the antenna can handle", + "A difference between feed line impedance and antenna feed point impedance", + "Feeding the antenna with unbalanced feed line" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does the attenuation of coaxial cable change with increasing frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Attenuation is independent of frequency", + "Attenuation increases", + "Attenuation decreases", + "Attenuation follows Marconi’s Law of Attenuation" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "In what units is RF feed line loss usually expressed?", + "answers": [ + "Ohms per 1,000 feet", + "Decibels per 1,000 feet", + "Ohms per 100 feet", + "Decibels per 100 feet" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What must be done to prevent standing waves on a feed line connected to an antenna?", + "answers": [ + "The antenna feed point must be at DC ground potential", + "The feed line must be an odd number of electrical quarter wavelengths long", + "The feed line must be an even number of physical half wavelengths long", + "The antenna feed point impedance must be matched to the characteristic impedance of the feed line" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "If the SWR on an antenna feed line is 5:1, and a matching network at the transmitter end of the feed line is adjusted to present a 1:1 SWR to the transmitter, what is the resulting SWR on the feed line?", + "answers": [ + "1:1", + "5:1", + "Between 1:1 and 5:1 depending on the characteristic impedance of the line", + "Between 1:1 and 5:1 depending on the reflected power at the transmitter" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What standing wave ratio results from connecting a 50-ohm feed line to a 200-ohm resistive load?", + "answers": [ + "4:1", + "1:4", + "2:1", + "1:2" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What standing wave ratio results from connecting a 50-ohm feed line to a 10-ohm resistive load?", + "answers": [ + "2:1", + "1:2", + "1:5", + "5:1" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of transmission line loss on SWR measured at the input to the line?", + "answers": [ + "Higher loss reduces SWR measured at the input to the line", + "Higher loss increases SWR measured at the input to the line", + "Higher loss increases the accuracy of SWR measured at the input to the line", + "Transmission line loss does not affect the SWR measurement" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is a characteristic of a random-wire HF antenna connected directly to the transmitter?", + "answers": [ + "It must be longer than 1 wavelength", + "Station equipment may carry significant RF current", + "It produces only vertically polarized radiation", + "It is more effective on the lower HF bands than on the higher bands" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a common way to adjust the feed point impedance of an elevated quarter-wave ground-plane vertical antenna to be approximately 50 ohms?", + "answers": [ + "Slope the radials upward", + "Slope the radials downward", + "Lengthen the radials beyond one wavelength", + "Coil the radials" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the radiation pattern of a quarter-wave ground-plane vertical antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Bi-directional in azimuth", + "Isotropic", + "Hemispherical", + "Omnidirectional in azimuth" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the radiation pattern of a dipole antenna in free space in a plane containing the conductor?", + "answers": [ + "It is a figure-eight at right angles to the antenna", + "It is a figure-eight off both ends of the antenna", + "It is a circle (equal radiation in all directions)", + "It has a pair of lobes on one side of the antenna and a single lobe on the other side" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does antenna height affect the azimuthal radiation pattern of a horizontal dipole HF antenna at elevation angles higher than about 45 degrees?", + "answers": [ + "If the antenna is too high, the pattern becomes unpredictable", + "Antenna height has no effect on the pattern", + "If the antenna is less than 1/2 wavelength high, the azimuthal pattern is almost omnidirectional", + "If the antenna is less than 1/2 wavelength high, radiation off the ends of the wire is eliminated" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Where should the radial wires of a ground-mounted vertical antenna system be placed?", + "answers": [ + "As high as possible above the ground", + "Parallel to the antenna element", + "On the surface or buried a few inches below the ground", + "At the center of the antenna" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does the feed point impedance of a horizontal 1/2 wave dipole antenna change as the antenna height is reduced to 1/10 wavelength above ground?", + "answers": [ + "It steadily increases", + "It steadily decreases", + "It peaks at about 1/8 wavelength above ground", + "It is unaffected by the height above ground" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How does the feed point impedance of a 1/2 wave dipole change as the feed point is moved from the center toward the ends?", + "answers": [ + "It steadily increases", + "It steadily decreases", + "It peaks at about 1/8 wavelength from the end", + "It is unaffected by the location of the feed point" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an advantage of using a horizontally polarized as compared to a vertically polarized HF antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Lower ground losses", + "Lower feed point impedance", + "Shorter radials", + "Lower radiation resistance" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate length for a 1/2 wave dipole antenna cut for 14.250 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "8 feet", + "16 feet", + "24 feet", + "33 feet" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate length for a 1/2 wave dipole antenna cut for 3.550 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "42 feet", + "84 feet", + "132 feet", + "263 feet" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate length for a 1/4 wave monopole antenna cut for 28.5 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "8 feet", + "11 feet", + "16 feet", + "21 feet" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following would increase the bandwidth of a Yagi antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Larger-diameter elements", + "Closer element spacing", + "Loading coils in series with the element", + "Tapered-diameter elements" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate length of the driven element of a Yagi antenna?", + "answers": [ + "1/4 wavelength", + "1/2 wavelength", + "3/4 wavelength", + "1 wavelength" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How do the lengths of a three-element Yagi reflector and director compare to that of the driven element?", + "answers": [ + "The reflector is longer, and the director is shorter", + "The reflector is shorter, and the director is longer", + "They are all the same length", + "Relative length depends on the frequency of operation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does antenna gain in dBi compare to gain stated in dBd for the same antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Gain in dBi is 2.15 dB lower", + "Gain in dBi is 2.15 dB higher", + "Gain in dBd is 1.25 dBd lower", + "Gain in dBd is 1.25 dBd higher" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the primary effect of increasing boom length and adding directors to a Yagi antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Gain increases", + "Beamwidth increases", + "Front-to-back ratio decreases", + "Resonant frequency is lower" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What does “front-to-back ratio” mean in reference to a Yagi antenna?", + "answers": [ + "The number of directors versus the number of reflectors", + "The relative position of the driven element with respect to the reflectors and directors", + "The power radiated in the major lobe compared to that in the opposite direction", + "The ratio of forward gain to dipole gain" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by the “main lobe” of a directive antenna?", + "answers": [ + "The magnitude of the maximum vertical angle of radiation", + "The point of maximum current in a radiating antenna element", + "The maximum voltage standing wave point on a radiating element", + "The direction of maximum radiated field strength from the antenna" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "In free space, how does the gain of two three-element, horizontally polarized Yagi antennas spaced vertically 1/2 wavelength apart typically compare to the gain of a single three-element Yagi?", + "answers": [ + "Approximately 1.5 dB higher", + "Approximately 3 dB higher", + "Approximately 6 dB higher", + "Approximately 9 dB higher" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can be adjusted to optimize forward gain, front-to-back ratio, or SWR bandwidth of a Yagi antenna?", + "answers": [ + "The physical length of the boom", + "The number of elements on the boom", + "The spacing of each element along the boom", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a beta or hairpin match?", + "answers": [ + "A shorted transmission line stub placed at the feed point of a Yagi antenna to provide impedance matching", + "A 1/4 wavelength section of 75-ohm coax in series with the feed point of a Yagi to provide impedance matching", + "A series capacitor selected to cancel the inductive reactance of a folded dipole antenna", + "A section of 300-ohm twin-lead transmission line used to match a folded dipole antenna" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a characteristic of using a gamma match with a Yagi antenna?", + "answers": [ + "It does not require the driven element to be insulated from the boom", + "It does not require any inductors or capacitors", + "It is useful for matching multiband antennas", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following antenna types will be most effective as a near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) antenna for short-skip communications on 40 meters during the day?", + "answers": [ + "A horizontal dipole placed between 1/10 and 1/4 wavelength above the ground", + "A vertical antenna placed between 1/4 and 1/2 wavelength above the ground", + "A horizontal dipole placed at approximately 1/2 wavelength above the ground", + "A vertical dipole placed at approximately 1/2 wavelength above the ground" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the feed point impedance of an end-fed half-wave antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Very low", + "Approximately 50 ohms", + "Approximately 300 ohms", + "Very high" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "In which direction is the maximum radiation from a VHF/UHF “halo” antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Broadside to the plane of the halo", + "Opposite the feed point", + "Omnidirectional in the plane of the halo", + "On the same side as the feed point" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the primary function of antenna traps?", + "answers": [ + "To enable multiband operation", + "To notch spurious frequencies", + "To provide balanced feed point impedance", + "To prevent out-of-band operation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is an advantage of vertically stacking horizontally polarized Yagi antennas?", + "answers": [ + "It allows quick selection of vertical or horizontal polarization", + "It allows simultaneous vertical and horizontal polarization", + "It narrows the main lobe in azimuth", + "It narrows the main lobe in elevation" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an advantage of a log-periodic antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Wide bandwidth", + "Higher gain per element than a Yagi antenna", + "Harmonic suppression", + "Polarization diversity" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a log-periodic antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Element length and spacing vary logarithmically along the boom", + "Impedance varies periodically as a function of frequency", + "Gain varies logarithmically as a function of frequency", + "SWR varies periodically as a function of boom length" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does a “screwdriver” mobile antenna adjust its feed point impedance?", + "answers": [ + "By varying its body capacitance", + "By varying the base loading inductance", + "By extending and retracting the whip", + "By deploying a capacitance hat" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the primary use of a Beverage antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Directional receiving for MF and low HF bands", + "Directional transmitting for low HF bands", + "Portable direction finding at higher HF frequencies", + "Portable direction finding at lower HF frequencies" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "In which direction or directions does an electrically small loop (less than 1/10 wavelength in circumference) have nulls in its radiation pattern?", + "answers": [ + "In the plane of the loop", + "Broadside to the loop", + "Broadside and in the plane of the loop", + "Electrically small loops are omnidirectional" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a disadvantage of multiband antennas?", + "answers": [ + "They present low impedance on all design frequencies", + "They must be used with an antenna tuner", + "They must be fed with open wire line", + "They have poor harmonic rejection" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the common name of a dipole with a single central support?", + "answers": [ + "Inverted V", + "Inverted L", + "Sloper", + "Lazy H" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 0, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is one way that RF energy can affect human body tissue?", + "answers": [ + "It heats body tissue", + "It causes radiation poisoning", + "It causes the blood count to reach a dangerously low level", + "It cools body tissue" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used to determine RF exposure from a transmitted signal?", + "answers": [ + "Its duty cycle", + "Its frequency", + "Its power density", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How can you determine that your station complies with FCC RF exposure regulations?", + "answers": [ + "By calculation based on FCC OET Bulletin 65", + "By calculation based on computer modeling", + "By measurement of field strength using calibrated equipment", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What does “time averaging” mean when evaluating RF radiation exposure?", + "answers": [ + "The average amount of power developed by the transmitter over a specific 24-hour period", + "The average time it takes RF radiation to have any long-term effect on the body", + "The total time of the exposure", + "The total RF exposure averaged over a certain period" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What must you do if an evaluation of your station shows that the RF energy radiated by your station exceeds permissible limits for possible human absorption?", + "answers": [ + "Take action to prevent human exposure to the excessive RF fields", + "File an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS-97) with the FCC", + "Secure written permission from your neighbors to operate above the controlled MPE limits", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What must you do if your station fails to meet the FCC RF exposure exemption criteria?", + "answers": [ + "Perform an RF exposure evaluation in accordance with FCC OET Bulletin 65", + "Contact the FCC for permission to transmit", + "Perform an RF exposure evaluation in accordance with World Meteorological Organization guidelines", + "Use an FCC-approved band-pass filter" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of modulation duty cycle on RF exposure?", + "answers": [ + "A lower duty cycle permits greater power levels to be transmitted", + "A higher duty cycle permits greater power levels to be transmitted", + "Low duty cycle transmitters are exempt from RF exposure evaluation requirements", + "High duty cycle transmitters are exempt from RF exposure requirements" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following steps must an amateur operator take to ensure compliance with RF safety regulations?", + "answers": [ + "Post a copy of FCC Part 97.13 in the station", + "Notify neighbors within a 100-foot radius of the antenna of the existence of the station and power levels", + "Perform a routine RF exposure evaluation and prevent access to any identified high exposure areas", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What type of instrument can be used to accurately measure an RF field strength?", + "answers": [ + "A receiver with digital signal processing (DSP) noise reduction", + "A calibrated field strength meter with a calibrated antenna", + "An SWR meter with a peak-reading function", + "An oscilloscope with a high-stability crystal marker generator" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What should be done if evaluation shows that a neighbor might experience more than the allowable limit of RF exposure from the main lobe of a directional antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Change to a non-polarized antenna with higher gain", + "Use an antenna with a higher front-to-back ratio", + "Take precautions to ensure that the antenna cannot be pointed in their direction when they are present", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What precaution should be taken if you install an indoor transmitting antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Locate the antenna close to your operating position to minimize feed-line radiation", + "Position the antenna along the edge of a wall to reduce parasitic radiation", + "Make sure that MPE limits are not exceeded in occupied areas", + "Make sure the antenna is properly shielded" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What stations are subject to the FCC rules on RF exposure?", + "answers": [ + "All commercial stations; amateur radio stations are exempt", + "Only stations with antennas lower than one wavelength above the ground", + "Only stations transmitting more than 500 watts PEP", + "All stations with a time-averaged transmission of more than one milliwatt" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which wire or wires in a four-conductor 240 VAC circuit should be attached to fuses or circuit breakers?", + "answers": [ + "Only the hot wires", + "Only the neutral wire", + "Only the ground wire", + "All wires" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "According to the National Electrical Code, what is the minimum wire size that may be used safely for wiring with a 20-ampere circuit breaker?", + "answers": [ + "AWG number 20", + "AWG number 16", + "AWG number 12", + "AWG number 8" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which size of fuse or circuit breaker would be appropriate to use with a circuit that uses AWG number 14 wiring?", + "answers": [ + "30 amperes", + "25 amperes", + "20 amperes", + "15 amperes" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Where should the station’s lightning protection ground system be located?", + "answers": [ + "As close to the station equipment as possible", + "Outside the building", + "Next to the closest power pole", + "Parallel to the water supply line" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following conditions will cause a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) to disconnect AC power?", + "answers": [ + "Current flowing from one or more of the hot wires to the neutral wire", + "Current flowing from one or more of the hot wires directly to ground", + "Overvoltage on the hot wires", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is covered by the National Electrical Code?", + "answers": [ + "Acceptable bandwidth limits", + "Acceptable modulation limits", + "Electrical safety of the station", + "RF exposure limits of the human body" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these choices should be observed when climbing a tower using a safety harness?", + "answers": [ + "Always hold on to the tower with one hand", + "Confirm that the harness is rated for the weight of the climber and that it is within its allowable service life", + "Ensure that all heavy tools are securely fastened to the harness", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What should be done before climbing a tower that supports electrically powered devices?", + "answers": [ + "Notify the electric company that a person will be working on the tower", + "Make sure all circuits that supply power to the tower are locked out and tagged", + "Unground the base of the tower", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is true of an emergency generator installation?", + "answers": [ + "The generator should be operated in a well-ventilated area", + "The generator must be insulated from ground", + "Fuel should be stored near the generator for rapid refueling in case of an emergency", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a danger from lead-tin solder?", + "answers": [ + "Lead can contaminate food if hands are not washed carefully after handling the solder", + "High voltages can cause lead-tin solder to disintegrate suddenly", + "Tin in the solder can “cold flow,” causing shorts in the circuit", + "RF energy can convert the lead into a poisonous gas" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is required for lightning protection ground rods?", + "answers": [ + "They must be bonded to all buried water and gas lines", + "Bends in ground wires must be made as close as possible to a right angle", + "Lightning grounds must be connected to all ungrounded wiring", + "They must be bonded together with all other grounds" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a power supply interlock?", + "answers": [ + "To prevent unauthorized changes to the circuit that would void the manufacturer’s warranty", + "To shut down the unit if it becomes too hot", + "To ensure that dangerous voltages are removed if the cabinet is opened", + "To shut off the power supply if too much voltage is produced" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Where should lightning arrestors be located?", + "answers": [ + "Where the feed lines enter the building", + "On the antenna, opposite the feed point", + "In series with each ground lead", + "At the closest power pole ground electrode" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] +} diff --git a/src/ham-test-practice-fcc.go b/src/ham-test-practice-fcc.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27246f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/ham-test-practice-fcc.go @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +package main + +import ( + "encoding/json" + "fmt" + "math/rand" + "os" +) + +const ( + PROGRAM = "ham-test-practice-fcc" + VERSION = "0.0.1" +) + +func init() { + if err := handleFlags(os.Args[1:]); err != nil { + fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err) + os.Exit(1) + } +} + +func main() { + var technicianData JSONContent + json.Unmarshal(technicianPool, &technicianData) + var generalData JSONContent + json.Unmarshal(generalPool, &generalData) + var extraData JSONContent + json.Unmarshal(extraPool, &extraData) + questionPool := getQuestionPool(technicianData, generalData, extraData, parsePoolFlag()) + questionPoolLen := len(questionPool) + if questions < 1 || questions > questionPoolLen { + questions = questionPoolLen + } + if random { + for i := range questionPool { + j := rand.Intn(i + 1) + questionPool[i], questionPool[j] = questionPool[j], questionPool[i] + } + } + var correct int + for x := 0; x < questions; x++ { + c := testQuestion(questionPool[x], correct, x, questions) + if c { + correct++ + } + fmt.Println() + } + if test { + fmt.Print("\x1b[2J\x1b[H") + fmt.Printf("Final Score: [ %d / %d ] %d%% Correct\n", correct, + questions, int(float32(correct)/float32(questions)*100)) + } +} diff --git a/src/json.go b/src/json.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..413222d --- /dev/null +++ b/src/json.go @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +package main + +import ( + _ "embed" +) + +var ( + //go:embed technician-2022-2026/question-pool.json + technicianPool []byte + //go:embed general-2023-2027/question-pool.json + generalPool []byte + //go:embed extra-2024-2028/question-pool.json + extraPool []byte +) + +type JSONContent struct { + SubElements []SubElement `json:"subelements"` +} + +type SubElement struct { + SubElement int `json:"subelement"` + Sections []Section `json:"sections"` +} + +type Section struct { + Section string `json:"section"` + Questions []Question `json:"questions"` +} + +type Question struct { + id string + Question string `json:"question"` + Answers []string `json:"answers"` + Correct int `json:"correct"` + ImagePath string `json:"image_path,omitempty"` +} diff --git a/src/pool.go b/src/pool.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbfe9c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pool.go @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +package main + +import ( + "fmt" + "regexp" + "strconv" + "strings" +) + +type poolRange struct { + test string + start poolValue + end poolValue +} + +type poolValue struct { + subElement int + section string + question int + all bool +} + +var ( + subElementOrder = "1234567890" + sectionOrder = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" + abcd = "ABCD" + poolRe = regexp.MustCompile(`([T|G|E])(\d)(?:(?:([A-Za-z])(\d{2}))|([A-Za-z]))?(?:-[T|G|E](\d)(?:(?:([A-Za-z])(\d{2}))|([A-Za-z]))?)?`) +) + +func notDone(startFound bool, p poolValue, subElement int, section string, question int) bool { + if !startFound { + return false + } + if strings.Index(subElementOrder, strconv.Itoa(p.subElement)) < + strings.Index(subElementOrder, strconv.Itoa(subElement)) { + return false + } + if strings.Index(sectionOrder, p.section) < + strings.Index(sectionOrder, section) && + !(p.section == "" && p.all) { + return false + } + if p.question < question && !p.all { + return false + } + return true +} + +func getQuestionPool(techData, genData, extraData JSONContent, poolRanges []poolRange) (questions []Question) { + var startFound bool + for _, p := range poolRanges { + data := techData + switch p.test { + case "G": + data = genData + case "E": + data = extraData + } + for _, sE := range data.SubElements { + if sE.SubElement == p.start.subElement || notDone(startFound, p.end, sE.SubElement, "A", 1) { + for _, s := range sE.Sections { + if s.Section == p.start.section || notDone(startFound, p.end, sE.SubElement, s.Section, 1) { + for x, q := range s.Questions { + if x == p.start.question-1 || notDone(startFound, p.end, sE.SubElement, s.Section, x+1) { + startFound = true + q.id = fmt.Sprintf("%s%d%s%02d", p.test, sE.SubElement, s.Section, x+1) + questions = append(questions, q) + } + } + } + } + } + } + + } + return +} + +func printQuestion(q Question) { + fmt.Printf("%s: %s\n", q.id, q.Question) + for y, answer := range q.Answers { + if y == q.Correct && !test { + fmt.Printf("*%s: %s\n", abcd[y:y+1], answer) + } else { + fmt.Printf(" %s: %s\n", abcd[y:y+1], answer) + } + } +} + +func testQuestion(q Question, correct, asked, total int) bool { + if test { + fmt.Print("\x1b[2J\x1b[H") + percentCorrect := 100 + if asked > 0 { + percentCorrect = int(float32(correct) / float32(asked) * 100) + } + fmt.Printf("[ %d / %d ] %d%% Correct (Total %d)\n", correct, asked, + percentCorrect, total) + printQuestion(q) + var answer string + fmt.Print("\nAnswer: ") + fmt.Scan(&answer) + if int(strings.ToLower(answer)[0]-'a') == q.Correct { + return true + } + } else { + printQuestion(q) + } + return false +} + +func parsePoolFlag() (fullPool []poolRange) { + p := poolRe.FindAllStringSubmatch(pool, -1) + for _, x := range p { + pRange := poolRange{} + pRange.test = x[1] + pStart := poolValue{} + pEnd := poolValue{} + pStart.subElement, _ = strconv.Atoi(x[2]) + if pStart.subElement < 0 { + pStart.subElement = 1 + } + if x[3] == "" { + pStart.section = x[5] + } else { + pStart.section = x[3] + } + if pStart.section == "" { + pStart.section = "A" + } + pStart.question, _ = strconv.Atoi(x[4]) + if pStart.question < 1 { + pStart.question = 1 + pEnd.question = 0 + } + if x[6] == "" { + pEnd.subElement = pStart.subElement + if x[3] != "" || x[5] != "" { + pEnd.section = pStart.section + } + if q, _ := strconv.Atoi(x[4]); q > 0 { + pEnd.question = pStart.question + } + if pEnd.question == 0 || pEnd.section == "" { + pEnd.all = true + } + } else { + pEnd.subElement, _ = strconv.Atoi(x[6]) + if pEnd.subElement < 0 { + pEnd.subElement = 1 + } + if x[7] == "" { + pEnd.section = x[9] + } else { + pEnd.section = x[7] + } + if x[8] == "" { + pEnd.all = true + } else { + pEnd.question, _ = strconv.Atoi(x[8]) + } + } + pRange.start = pStart + pRange.end = pEnd + fullPool = append(fullPool, pRange) + } + if len(fullPool) == 0 { + fullPool = append(fullPool, poolRange{ + "T", + poolValue{1, "", 1, true}, + poolValue{0, "", 0, true}, + }) + } + return +} diff --git a/src/technician-2022-2026/T-1.png b/src/technician-2022-2026/T-1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6672cda Binary files /dev/null and b/src/technician-2022-2026/T-1.png differ diff --git a/src/technician-2022-2026/T-2.png b/src/technician-2022-2026/T-2.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1f55e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/src/technician-2022-2026/T-2.png differ diff --git a/src/technician-2022-2026/T-3.png b/src/technician-2022-2026/T-3.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d381b3a Binary files /dev/null and b/src/technician-2022-2026/T-3.png differ diff --git a/src/technician-2022-2026/question-pool.json b/src/technician-2022-2026/question-pool.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..61d63e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/technician-2022-2026/question-pool.json @@ -0,0 +1,4351 @@ +{ + "subelements": [ + { + "subelement": 1, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following is part of the Basis and Purpose of the Amateur Radio Service?", + "answers": [ + "Providing personal radio communications for as many citizens as possible", + "Providing communications for international non-profit organizations", + "Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which agency regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United States?", + "answers": [ + "FEMA", + "Homeland Security", + "The FCC", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What do the FCC rules state regarding the use of a phonetic alphabet for station identification in the Amateur Radio Service?", + "answers": [ + "It is required when transmitting emergency messages", + "It is encouraged", + "It is required when in contact with foreign stations", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How many operator/primary station license grants may be held by any one person?", + "answers": [ + "One", + "No more than two", + "One for each band on which the person plans to operate", + "One for each permanent station location from which the person plans to operate" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What proves that the FCC has issued an operator/primary license grant?", + "answers": [ + "A printed copy of the certificate of successful completion of examination", + "An email notification from the NCVEC granting the license", + "The license appears in the FCC ULS database", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the FCC Part 97 definition of a beacon?", + "answers": [ + "A government transmitter marking the amateur radio band edges", + "A bulletin sent by the FCC to announce a national emergency", + "A continuous transmission of weather information authorized in the amateur bands by the National Weather Service", + "An amateur station transmitting communications for the purposes of observing propagation or related experimental activities" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the FCC Part 97 definition of a space station?", + "answers": [ + "Any satellite orbiting Earth", + "A manned satellite orbiting Earth", + "An amateur station located more than 50 km above Earth's surface", + "An amateur station using amateur radio satellites for relay of signals" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following entities recommends transmit/receive channels and other parameters for auxiliary and repeater stations?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency Spectrum Manager appointed by the FCC", + "Volunteer Frequency Coordinator recognized by local amateurs", + "FCC Regional Field Office", + "International Telecommunication Union" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Who selects a Frequency Coordinator?", + "answers": [ + "The FCC Office of Spectrum Management and Coordination Policy", + "The local chapter of the Office of National Council of Independent Frequency Coordinators", + "Amateur operators in a local or regional area whose stations are eligible to be repeater or auxiliary stations", + "FCC Regional Field Office" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES)?", + "answers": [ + "A radio service using amateur frequencies for emergency management or civil defense communications", + "A radio service using amateur stations for emergency management or civil defense communications", + "An emergency service using amateur operators certified by a civil defense organization as being enrolled in that organization", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "When is willful interference to other amateur radio stations permitted?", + "answers": [ + "To stop another amateur station that is breaking the FCC rules", + "At no time", + "When making short test transmissions", + "At any time, stations in the Amateur Radio Service are not protected from willful interference" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following frequency ranges are available for phone operation by Technician licensees?", + "answers": [ + "28.050 MHz to 28.150 MHz", + "28.100 MHz to 28.300 MHz", + "28.300 MHz to 28.500 MHz", + "28.500 MHz to 28.600 MHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which amateurs may contact the International Space Station (ISS) on VHF bands?", + "answers": [ + "Any amateur holding a General class or higher license", + "Any amateur holding a Technician class or higher license", + "Any amateur holding a General class or higher license who has applied for and received approval from NASA", + "Any amateur holding a Technician class or higher license who has applied for and received approval from NASA" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which frequency is in the 6 meter amateur band?", + "answers": [ + "49.00 MHz", + "52.525 MHz", + "28.50 MHz", + "222.15 MHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which amateur band includes 146.52 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "6 meters", + "20 meters", + "70 centimeters", + "2 meters" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How may amateurs use the 219 to 220 MHz segment of 1.25 meter band?", + "answers": [ + "Spread spectrum only", + "Fast-scan television only", + "Emergency traffic only", + "Fixed digital message forwarding systems only" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "On which HF bands does a Technician class operator have phone privileges?", + "answers": [ + "None", + "10 meter band only", + "80 meter, 40 meter, 15 meter, and 10 meter bands", + "30 meter band only" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following VHF/UHF band segments are limited to CW only?", + "answers": [ + "50.0 MHz to 50.1 MHz and 144.0 MHz to 144.1 MHz", + "219 MHz to 220 MHz and 420.0 MHz to 420.1 MHz", + "902.0 MHz to 902.1 MHz", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How are US amateurs restricted in segments of bands where the Amateur Radio Service is secondary?", + "answers": [ + "U.S. amateurs may find non-amateur stations in those segments, and must avoid interfering with them", + "U.S. amateurs must give foreign amateur stations priority in those segments", + "International communications are not permitted in those segments", + "Digital transmissions are not permitted in those segments" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why should you not set your transmit frequency to be exactly at the edge of an amateur band or sub-band?", + "answers": [ + "To allow for calibration error in the transmitter frequency display", + "So that modulation sidebands do not extend beyond the band edge", + "To allow for transmitter frequency drift", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Where may SSB phone be used in amateur bands above 50 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "Only in sub-bands allocated to General class or higher licensees", + "Only on repeaters", + "In at least some segment of all these bands", + "On any band if the power is limited to 25 watts" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators in their HF band segments?", + "answers": [ + "200 watts", + "100 watts", + "50 watts", + "10 watts" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Except for some specific restrictions, what is the maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators using frequencies above 30 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "50 watts", + "100 watts", + "500 watts", + "1500 watts" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "For which license classes are new licenses currently available from the FCC?", + "answers": [ + "Novice, Technician, General, Amateur Extra", + "Technician, Technician Plus, General, Amateur Extra", + "Novice, Technician Plus, General, Advanced", + "Technician, General, Amateur Extra" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Who may select a desired call sign under the vanity call sign rules?", + "answers": [ + "Only a licensed amateur with a General or Amateur Extra Class license", + "Only a licensed amateur with an Amateur Extra Class license", + "Only a licensed amateur who has been licensed continuously for more than 10 years", + "Any licensed amateur" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What types of international communications are an FCC-licensed amateur radio station permitted to make?", + "answers": [ + "Communications incidental to the purposes of the Amateur Radio Service and remarks of a personal character", + "Communications incidental to conducting business or remarks of a personal nature", + "Only communications incidental to contest exchanges; all other communications are prohibited", + "Any communications that would be permitted by an international broadcast station" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What may happen if the FCC is unable to reach you by email?", + "answers": [ + "Fine and suspension of operator license", + "Revocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license", + "Revocation of access to the license record in the FCC system", + "Nothing; there is no such requirement" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a valid Technician class call sign format?", + "answers": [ + "KF1XXX", + "KA1X", + "W1XX", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "From which of the following locations may an FCC-licensed amateur station transmit?", + "answers": [ + "From within any country that belongs to the International Telecommunication Union", + "From within any country that is a member of the United Nations", + "From anywhere within International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Regions 2 and 3", + "From any vessel or craft located in international waters and documented or registered in the United States" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can result in revocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license?", + "answers": [ + "Failure to inform the FCC of any changes in the amateur station following performance of an RF safety environmental evaluation", + "Failure to provide and maintain a correct email address with the FCC", + "Failure to obtain FCC type acceptance prior to using a home-built transmitter", + "Failure to have a copy of your license available at your station" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the normal term for an FCC-issued amateur radio license?", + "answers": [ + "Five years", + "Life", + "Ten years", + "Eight years" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the grace period for renewal if an amateur license expires?", + "answers": [ + "Two years", + "Three years", + "Five years", + "Ten years" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How soon after passing the examination for your first amateur radio license may you transmit on the amateur radio bands?", + "answers": [ + "Immediately on receiving your Certificate of Successful Completion of Examination (CSCE)", + "As soon as your operator/station license grant appears on the ARRL website", + "As soon as your operator/station license grant appears in the FCC’s license database", + "As soon as you receive your license in the mail from the FCC" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "If your license has expired and is still within the allowable grace period, may you continue to transmit on the amateur radio bands?", + "answers": [ + "Yes, for up to two years", + "Yes, as soon as you apply for renewal", + "Yes, for up to one year", + "No, you must wait until the license has been renewed" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "With which countries are FCC-licensed amateur radio stations prohibited from exchanging communications?", + "answers": [ + "Any country whose administration has notified the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) that it objects to such communications", + "Any country whose administration has notified the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) that it objects to such communications", + "Any country banned from such communications by the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU)", + "Any country banned from making such communications by the American Radio Relay League (ARRL)" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Under which of the following circumstances are one-way transmissions by an amateur station prohibited?", + "answers": [ + "In all circumstances", + "Broadcasting", + "International Morse Code Practice", + "Telecommand or transmissions of telemetry" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "When is it permissible to transmit messages encoded to obscure their meaning?", + "answers": [ + "Only during contests", + "Only when transmitting certain approved digital codes", + "Only when transmitting control commands to space stations or radio control craft", + "Never" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Under what conditions is an amateur station authorized to transmit music using a phone emission?", + "answers": [ + "When incidental to an authorized retransmission of manned spacecraft communications", + "When the music produces no spurious emissions", + "When transmissions are limited to less than three minutes per hour", + "When the music is transmitted above 1280 MHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "When may amateur radio operators use their stations to notify other amateurs of the availability of equipment for sale or trade?", + "answers": [ + "Never", + "When the equipment is not the personal property of either the station licensee, or the control operator, or their close relatives", + "When no profit is made on the sale", + "When selling amateur radio equipment and not on a regular basis" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What, if any, are the restrictions concerning transmission of language that may be considered indecent or obscene?", + "answers": [ + "The FCC maintains a list of words that are not permitted to be used on amateur frequencies", + "Any such language is prohibited", + "The ITU maintains a list of words that are not permitted to be used on amateur frequencies", + "There is no such prohibition" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What types of amateur stations can automatically retransmit the signals of other amateur stations?", + "answers": [ + "Auxiliary, beacon, or Earth stations", + "Earth, repeater, or space stations", + "Beacon, repeater, or space stations", + "Repeater, auxiliary, or space stations" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "In which of the following circumstances may the control operator of an amateur station receive compensation for operating that station?", + "answers": [ + "When the communication is related to the sale of amateur equipment by the control operator's employer", + "When the communication is incidental to classroom instruction at an educational institution", + "When the communication is made to obtain emergency information for a local broadcast station", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "When may amateur stations transmit information in support of broadcasting, program production, or news gathering, assuming no other means is available?", + "answers": [ + "When such communications are directly related to the immediate safety of human life or protection of property", + "When broadcasting communications to or from the space shuttle", + "Where noncommercial programming is gathered and supplied exclusively to the National Public Radio network", + "Never" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How does the FCC define broadcasting for the Amateur Radio Service?", + "answers": [ + "Two-way transmissions by amateur stations", + "Any transmission made by the licensed station", + "Transmission of messages directed only to amateur operators", + "Transmissions intended for reception by the general public" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "When may an amateur station transmit without identifying on the air?", + "answers": [ + "When the transmissions are of a brief nature to make station adjustments", + "When the transmissions are unmodulated", + "When the transmitted power level is below 1 watt", + "When transmitting signals to control model craft" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "E", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "When may an amateur station transmit without a control operator?", + "answers": [ + "When using automatic control, such as in the case of a repeater", + "When the station licensee is away and another licensed amateur is using the station", + "When the transmitting station is an auxiliary station", + "Never" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Who may be the control operator of a station communicating through an amateur satellite or space station?", + "answers": [ + "Only an Amateur Extra Class operator", + "A General class or higher licensee with a satellite operator certification", + "Only an Amateur Extra Class operator who is also an AMSAT member", + "Any amateur allowed to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Who must designate the station control operator?", + "answers": [ + "The station licensee", + "The FCC", + "The frequency coordinator", + "Any licensed operator" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What determines the transmitting frequency privileges of an amateur station?", + "answers": [ + "The frequency authorized by the frequency coordinator", + "The frequencies printed on the license grant", + "The highest class of operator license held by anyone on the premises", + "The class of operator license held by the control operator" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is an amateur station’s control point?", + "answers": [ + "The location of the station’s transmitting antenna", + "The location of the station’s transmitting apparatus", + "The location at which the control operator function is performed", + "The mailing address of the station licensee" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "When, under normal circumstances, may a Technician class licensee be the control operator of a station operating in an Amateur Extra Class band segment?", + "answers": [ + "At no time", + "When designated as the control operator by an Amateur Extra Class licensee", + "As part of a multi-operator contest team", + "When using a club station whose trustee holds an Amateur Extra Class license" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "When the control operator is not the station licensee, who is responsible for the proper operation of the station?", + "answers": [ + "All licensed amateurs who are present at the operation", + "Only the station licensee", + "Only the control operator", + "The control operator and the station licensee" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an example of automatic control?", + "answers": [ + "Repeater operation", + "Controlling a station over the internet", + "Using a computer or other device to send CW automatically", + "Using a computer or other device to identify automatically" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are required for remote control operation?", + "answers": [ + "The control operator must be at the control point", + "A control operator is required at all times", + "The control operator must indirectly manipulate the controls", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an example of remote control as defined in Part 97?", + "answers": [ + "Repeater operation", + "Operating the station over the internet", + "Controlling a model aircraft, boat, or car by amateur radio", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Who does the FCC presume to be the control operator of an amateur station, unless documentation to the contrary is in the station records?", + "answers": [ + "The station custodian", + "The third party participant", + "The person operating the station equipment", + "The station licensee" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "F", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "When must the station and its records be available for FCC inspection?", + "answers": [ + "At any time ten days after notification by the FCC of such an inspection", + "At any time upon request by an FCC representative", + "At any time after written notification by the FCC of such inspection", + "Only when presented with a valid warrant by an FCC official or government agent" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How often must you identify with your FCC-assigned call sign when using tactical call signs such as “Race Headquarters”?", + "answers": [ + "Never, the tactical call is sufficient", + "Once during every hour", + "At the end of each communication and every ten minutes during a communication", + "At the end of every transmission" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "When are you required to transmit your assigned call sign?", + "answers": [ + "At the beginning of each contact, and every 10 minutes thereafter", + "At least once during each transmission", + "At least every 15 minutes during and at the end of a communication", + "At least every 10 minutes during and at the end of a communication" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What language may you use for identification when operating in a phone sub-band?", + "answers": [ + "Any language recognized by the United Nations", + "Any language recognized by the ITU", + "English", + "English, French, or Spanish" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What method of call sign identification is required for a station transmitting phone signals?", + "answers": [ + "Send the call sign followed by the indicator RPT", + "Send the call sign using a CW or phone emission", + "Send the call sign followed by the indicator R", + "Send the call sign using only a phone emission" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following self-assigned indicators are acceptable when using a phone transmission?", + "answers": [ + "KL7CC stroke W3", + "KL7CC slant W3", + "KL7CC slash W3", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following restrictions apply when a non-licensed person is allowed to speak to a foreign station using a station under the control of a licensed amateur operator?", + "answers": [ + "The person must be a U.S. citizen", + "The foreign station must be in a country with which the U.S. has a third party agreement", + "The licensed control operator must do the station identification", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the definition of third party communications?", + "answers": [ + "A message from a control operator to another amateur station control operator on behalf of another person", + "Amateur radio communications where three stations are in communications with one another", + "Operation when the transmitting equipment is licensed to a person other than the control operator", + "Temporary authorization for an unlicensed person to transmit on the amateur bands for technical experiments" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What type of amateur station simultaneously retransmits the signal of another amateur station on a different channel or channels?", + "answers": [ + "Beacon station", + "Earth station", + "Repeater station", + "Message forwarding station" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Who is accountable if a repeater inadvertently retransmits communications that violate the FCC rules?", + "answers": [ + "The control operator of the originating station", + "The control operator of the repeater", + "The owner of the repeater", + "Both the originating station and the repeater owner" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a requirement for the issuance of a club station license grant?", + "answers": [ + "The trustee must have an Amateur Extra Class operator license grant", + "The club must have at least four members", + "The club must be registered with the American Radio Relay League", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 2, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 2 meter band?", + "answers": [ + "Plus or minus 5 MHz", + "Plus or minus 600 kHz", + "Plus or minus 500 kHz", + "Plus or minus 1 MHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the national calling frequency for FM simplex operations in the 2 meter band?", + "answers": [ + "146.520 MHz", + "145.000 MHz", + "432.100 MHz", + "446.000 MHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cm band?", + "answers": [ + "Plus or minus 5 MHz", + "Plus or minus 600 kHz", + "Plus or minus 500 kHz", + "Plus or minus 1 MHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is an appropriate way to call another station on a repeater if you know the other station's call sign?", + "answers": [ + "Say \"break, break,\" then say the station's call sign", + "Say the station's call sign, then identify with your call sign", + "Say \"CQ\" three times, then the other station's call sign", + "Wait for the station to call CQ, then answer" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How should you respond to a station calling CQ?", + "answers": [ + "Transmit \"CQ\" followed by the other station’s call sign", + "Transmit your call sign followed by the other station’s call sign", + "Transmit the other station’s call sign followed by your call sign", + "Transmit a signal report followed by your call sign" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is required when making on-the-air test transmissions?", + "answers": [ + "Identify the transmitting station", + "Conduct tests only between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. local time", + "Notify the FCC of the transmissions", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by \"repeater offset”?", + "answers": [ + "The difference between a repeater’s transmit and receive frequencies", + "The repeater has a time delay to prevent interference", + "The repeater station identification is done on a separate frequency", + "The number of simultaneous transmit frequencies used by a repeater" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the meaning of the procedural signal “CQ”?", + "answers": [ + "Call on the quarter hour", + "Test transmission, no reply expected", + "Only the called station should transmit", + "Calling any station" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following indicates that a station is listening on a repeater and looking for a contact?", + "answers": [ + "“CQ CQ” followed by the repeater’s call sign", + "The station’s call sign followed by the word “monitoring”", + "The repeater call sign followed by the station’s call sign", + "“QSY” followed by your call sign" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is a band plan, beyond the privileges established by the FCC?", + "answers": [ + "A voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities within an amateur band", + "A list of operating schedules", + "A list of available net frequencies", + "A plan devised by a club to indicate frequency band usage" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What term describes an amateur station that is transmitting and receiving on the same frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Full duplex", + "Diplex", + "Simplex", + "Multiplex" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What should you do before calling CQ?", + "answers": [ + "Listen first to be sure that no one else is using the frequency", + "Ask if the frequency is in use", + "Make sure you are authorized to use that frequency", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "How is a VHF/UHF transceiver’s “reverse” function used?", + "answers": [ + "To reduce power output", + "To increase power output", + "To listen on a repeater’s input frequency", + "To listen on a repeater’s output frequency" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What term describes the use of a sub-audible tone transmitted along with normal voice audio to open the squelch of a receiver?", + "answers": [ + "Carrier squelch", + "Tone burst", + "DTMF", + "CTCSS" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a linked repeater network?", + "answers": [ + "A network of repeaters in which signals received by one repeater are transmitted by all the repeaters in the network", + "A single repeater with more than one receiver", + "Multiple repeaters with the same control operator", + "A system of repeaters linked by APRS" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following could be the reason you are unable to access a repeater whose output you can hear?", + "answers": [ + "Improper transceiver offset", + "You are using the wrong CTCSS tone", + "You are using the wrong DCS code", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What would cause your FM transmission audio to be distorted on voice peaks?", + "answers": [ + "Your repeater offset is inverted", + "You need to talk louder", + "You are talking too loudly", + "Your transmit power is too high" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What type of signaling uses pairs of audio tones?", + "answers": [ + "DTMF", + "CTCSS", + "GPRS", + "D-STAR" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How can you join a digital repeater’s “talkgroup”?", + "answers": [ + "Register your radio with the local FCC office", + "Join the repeater owner’s club", + "Program your radio with the group’s ID or code", + "Sign your call after the courtesy tone" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following applies when two stations transmitting on the same frequency interfere with each other?", + "answers": [ + "The stations should negotiate continued use of the frequency", + "Both stations should choose another frequency to avoid conflict", + "Interference is inevitable, so no action is required", + "Use subaudible tones so both stations can share the frequency" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why are simplex channels designated in the VHF/UHF band plans?", + "answers": [ + "So stations within range of each other can communicate without tying up a repeater", + "For contest operation", + "For working DX only", + "So stations with simple transmitters can access the repeater without automated offset" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which Q signal indicates that you are receiving interference from other stations?", + "answers": [ + "QRM", + "QRN", + "QTH", + "QSB" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which Q signal indicates that you are changing frequency?", + "answers": [ + "QRU", + "QSY", + "QSL", + "QRZ" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of the color code used on DMR repeater systems?", + "answers": [ + "Must match the repeater color code for access", + "Defines the frequency pair to use", + "Identifies the codec used", + "Defines the minimum signal level required for access" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a squelch function?", + "answers": [ + "Reduce a CW transmitter's key clicks", + "Mute the receiver audio when a signal is not present", + "Eliminate parasitic oscillations in an RF amplifier", + "Reduce interference from impulse noise" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "When do FCC rules NOT apply to the operation of an amateur station?", + "answers": [ + "When operating a RACES station", + "When operating under special FEMA rules", + "When operating under special ARES rules", + "FCC rules always apply" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are typical duties of a Net Control Station?", + "answers": [ + "Choose the regular net meeting time and frequency", + "Ensure that all stations checking into the net are properly licensed for operation on the net frequency", + "Call the net to order and direct communications between stations checking in", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What technique is used to ensure that voice messages containing unusual words are received correctly?", + "answers": [ + "Send the words by voice and Morse code", + "Speak very loudly into the microphone", + "Spell the words using a standard phonetic alphabet", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is RACES?", + "answers": [ + "An emergency organization combining amateur radio and citizens band operators and frequencies", + "An international radio experimentation society", + "A radio contest held in a short period, sometimes called a “sprint”", + "An FCC part 97 amateur radio service for civil defense communications during national emergencies" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What does the term “traffic” refer to in net operation?", + "answers": [ + "Messages exchanged by net stations", + "The number of stations checking in and out of a net", + "Operation by mobile or portable stations", + "Requests to activate the net by a served agency" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES)?", + "answers": [ + "A group of licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment for communications duty in the public service", + "A group of licensed amateurs who are members of the military and who voluntarily agreed to provide message handling services in the case of an emergency", + "A training program that provides licensing courses for those interested in obtaining an amateur license to use during emergencies", + "A training program that certifies amateur operators for membership in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is standard practice when you participate in a net?", + "answers": [ + "When first responding to the net control station, transmit your call sign, name, and address as in the FCC database", + "Record the time of each of your transmissions", + "Unless you are reporting an emergency, transmit only when directed by the net control station", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a characteristic of good traffic handling?", + "answers": [ + "Passing messages exactly as received", + "Making decisions as to whether messages are worthy of relay or delivery", + "Ensuring that any newsworthy messages are relayed to the news media", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Are amateur station control operators ever permitted to operate outside the frequency privileges of their license class?", + "answers": [ + "No", + "Yes, but only when part of a FEMA emergency plan", + "Yes, but only when part of a RACES emergency plan", + "Yes, but only in situations involving the immediate safety of human life or protection of property" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What information is contained in the preamble of a formal traffic message?", + "answers": [ + "The email address of the originating station", + "The address of the intended recipient", + "The telephone number of the addressee", + "Information needed to track the message" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by “check” in a radiogram header?", + "answers": [ + "The number of words or word equivalents in the text portion of the message", + "The call sign of the originating station", + "A list of stations that have relayed the message", + "A box on the message form that indicates that the message was received and/or relayed" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 3, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Why do VHF signal strengths sometimes vary greatly when the antenna is moved only a few feet?", + "answers": [ + "The signal path encounters different concentrations of water vapor", + "VHF ionospheric propagation is very sensitive to path length", + "Multipath propagation cancels or reinforces signals", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of vegetation on UHF and microwave signals?", + "answers": [ + "Knife-edge diffraction", + "Absorption", + "Amplification", + "Polarization rotation" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What antenna polarization is normally used for long-distance CW and SSB contacts on the VHF and UHF bands?", + "answers": [ + "Right-hand circular", + "Left-hand circular", + "Horizontal", + "Vertical" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What happens when antennas at opposite ends of a VHF or UHF line of sight radio link are not using the same polarization?", + "answers": [ + "The modulation sidebands might become inverted", + "Received signal strength is reduced", + "Signals have an echo effect", + "Nothing significant will happen" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "When using a directional antenna, how might your station be able to communicate with a distant repeater if buildings or obstructions are blocking the direct line of sight path?", + "answers": [ + "Change from vertical to horizontal polarization", + "Try to find a path that reflects signals to the repeater", + "Try the long path", + "Increase the antenna SWR" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the meaning of the term “picket fencing”?", + "answers": [ + "Alternating transmissions during a net operation", + "Rapid flutter on mobile signals due to multipath propagation", + "A type of ground system used with vertical antennas", + "Local vs long-distance communications" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What weather condition might decrease range at microwave frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "High winds", + "Low barometric pressure", + "Precipitation", + "Colder temperatures" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a likely cause of irregular fading of signals propagated by the ionosphere?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency shift due to Faraday rotation", + "Interference from thunderstorms", + "Intermodulation distortion", + "Random combining of signals arriving via different paths" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following results from the fact that signals propagated by the ionosphere are elliptically polarized?", + "answers": [ + "Digital modes are unusable", + "Either vertically or horizontally polarized antennas may be used for transmission or reception", + "FM voice is unusable", + "Both the transmitting and receiving antennas must be of the same polarization" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What effect does multi-path propagation have on data transmissions?", + "answers": [ + "Transmission rates must be increased by a factor equal to the number of separate paths observed", + "Transmission rates must be decreased by a factor equal to the number of separate paths observed", + "No significant changes will occur if the signals are transmitted using FM", + "Error rates are likely to increase" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which region of the atmosphere can refract or bend HF and VHF radio waves?", + "answers": [ + "The stratosphere", + "The troposphere", + "The ionosphere", + "The mesosphere" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the effect of fog and rain on signals in the 10 meter and 6 meter bands?", + "answers": [ + "Absorption", + "There is little effect", + "Deflection", + "Range increase" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the relationship between the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave?", + "answers": [ + "They travel at different speeds", + "They are in parallel", + "They revolve in opposite directions", + "They are at right angles" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What property of a radio wave defines its polarization?", + "answers": [ + "The orientation of the electric field", + "The orientation of the magnetic field", + "The ratio of the energy in the magnetic field to the energy in the electric field", + "The ratio of the velocity to the wavelength" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What are the two components of a radio wave?", + "answers": [ + "Impedance and reactance", + "Voltage and current", + "Electric and magnetic fields", + "Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the velocity of a radio wave traveling through free space?", + "answers": [ + "Speed of light", + "Speed of sound", + "Speed inversely proportional to its wavelength", + "Speed that increases as the frequency increases" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Wavelength gets longer as frequency increases", + "Wavelength gets shorter as frequency increases", + "Wavelength and frequency are unrelated", + "Wavelength and frequency increase as path length increases" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the formula for converting frequency to approximate wavelength in meters?", + "answers": [ + "Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz multiplied by 300", + "Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz divided by 300", + "Wavelength in meters equals frequency in megahertz divided by 300", + "Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "In addition to frequency, which of the following is used to identify amateur radio bands?", + "answers": [ + "The approximate wavelength in meters", + "Traditional letter/number designators", + "Channel numbers", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What frequency range is referred to as VHF?", + "answers": [ + "30 kHz to 300 kHz", + "30 MHz to 300 MHz", + "300 kHz to 3000 kHz", + "300 MHz to 3000 MHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What frequency range is referred to as UHF?", + "answers": [ + "30 to 300 kHz", + "30 to 300 MHz", + "300 to 3000 kHz", + "300 to 3000 MHz" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What frequency range is referred to as HF?", + "answers": [ + "300 to 3000 MHz", + "30 to 300 MHz", + "3 to 30 MHz", + "300 to 3000 kHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave in free space?", + "answers": [ + "150,000 meters per second", + "300,000,000 meters per second", + "300,000,000 miles per hour", + "150,000 miles per hour" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Why are simplex UHF signals rarely heard beyond their radio horizon?", + "answers": [ + "They are too weak to go very far", + "FCC regulations prohibit them from going more than 50 miles", + "UHF signals are usually not propagated by the ionosphere", + "UHF signals are absorbed by the ionospheric D region" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a characteristic of HF communication compared with communications on VHF and higher frequencies?", + "answers": [ + "HF antennas are generally smaller", + "HF accommodates wider bandwidth signals", + "Long-distance ionospheric propagation is far more common on HF", + "There is less atmospheric interference (static) on HF" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a characteristic of VHF signals received via auroral backscatter?", + "answers": [ + "They are often received from 10,000 miles or more", + "They are distorted and signal strength varies considerably", + "They occur only during winter nighttime hours", + "They are generally strongest when your antenna is aimed west" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of propagation is most commonly associated with occasional strong signals on the 10, 6, and 2 meter bands from beyond the radio horizon?", + "answers": [ + "Backscatter", + "Sporadic E", + "D region absorption", + "Gray-line propagation" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following effects may allow radio signals to travel beyond obstructions between the transmitting and receiving stations?", + "answers": [ + "Knife-edge diffraction", + "Faraday rotation", + "Quantum tunneling", + "Doppler shift" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What type of propagation is responsible for allowing over-the-horizon VHF and UHF communications to ranges of approximately 300 miles on a regular basis?", + "answers": [ + "Tropospheric ducting", + "D region refraction", + "F2 region refraction", + "Faraday rotation" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What band is best suited for communicating via meteor scatter?", + "answers": [ + "33 centimeters", + "6 meters", + "2 meters", + "70 centimeters" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What causes tropospheric ducting?", + "answers": [ + "Discharges of lightning during electrical storms", + "Sunspots and solar flares", + "Updrafts from hurricanes and tornadoes", + "Temperature inversions in the atmosphere" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is generally the best time for long-distance 10 meter band propagation via the F region?", + "answers": [ + "From dawn to shortly after sunset during periods of high sunspot activity", + "From shortly after sunset to dawn during periods of high sunspot activity", + "From dawn to shortly after sunset during periods of low sunspot activity", + "From shortly after sunset to dawn during periods of low sunspot activity" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following bands may provide long-distance communications via the ionosphere’s F region during the peak of the sunspot cycle?", + "answers": [ + "6 and 10 meters", + "23 centimeters", + "70 centimeters and 1.25 meters", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why is the radio horizon for VHF and UHF signals more distant than the visual horizon?", + "answers": [ + "Radio signals move somewhat faster than the speed of light", + "Radio waves are not blocked by dust particles", + "The atmosphere refracts radio waves slightly", + "Radio waves are blocked by dust particles" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 4, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following is an appropriate power supply rating for a typical 50 watt output mobile FM transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "24.0 volts at 4 amperes", + "13.8 volts at 4 amperes", + "24.0 volts at 12 amperes", + "13.8 volts at 12 amperes" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following should be considered when selecting an accessory SWR meter?", + "answers": [ + "The frequency and power level at which the measurements will be made", + "The distance that the meter will be located from the antenna", + "The types of modulation being used at the station", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why are short, heavy-gauge wires used for a transceiver’s DC power connection?", + "answers": [ + "To minimize voltage drop when transmitting", + "To provide a good counterpoise for the antenna", + "To avoid RF interference", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How are the transceiver audio input and output connected in a station configured to operate using FT8?", + "answers": [ + "To a computer running a terminal program and connected to a terminal node controller unit", + "To the audio input and output of a computer running WSJT-X software", + "To an FT8 conversion unit, a keyboard, and a computer monitor", + "To a computer connected to the FT8converter.com website" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Where should an RF power meter be installed?", + "answers": [ + "In the feed line, between the transmitter and antenna", + "At the power supply output", + "In parallel with the push-to-talk line and the antenna", + "In the power supply cable, as close as possible to the radio" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What signals are used in a computer-radio interface for digital mode operation?", + "answers": [ + "Receive and transmit mode, status, and location", + "Antenna and RF power", + "Receive audio, transmit audio, and transmitter keying", + "NMEA GPS location and DC power" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following connections is made between a computer and a transceiver to use computer software when operating digital modes?", + "answers": [ + "Computer “line out” to transceiver push-to-talk", + "Computer “line in” to transceiver push-to-talk", + "Computer “line in” to transceiver speaker connector", + "Computer “line out” to transceiver speaker connector" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following conductors is preferred for bonding at RF?", + "answers": [ + "Copper braid removed from coaxial cable", + "Steel wire", + "Twisted-pair cable", + "Flat copper strap" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How can you determine the length of time that equipment can be powered from a battery?", + "answers": [ + "Divide the watt-hour rating of the battery by the peak power consumption of the equipment", + "Divide the battery ampere-hour rating by the average current draw of the equipment", + "Multiply the watts per hour consumed by the equipment by the battery power rating", + "Multiply the square of the current rating of the battery by the input resistance of the equipment" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What function is performed with a transceiver and a digital mode hot spot?", + "answers": [ + "Communication using digital voice or data systems via the internet", + "FT8 digital communications via AFSK", + "RTTY encoding and decoding without a computer", + "High-speed digital communications for meteor scatter" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Where should the negative power return of a mobile transceiver be connected in a vehicle?", + "answers": [ + "At the 12 volt battery chassis ground", + "At the antenna mount", + "To any metal part of the vehicle", + "Through the transceiver’s mounting bracket" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is an electronic keyer?", + "answers": [ + "A device for switching antennas from transmit to receive", + "A device for voice activated switching from receive to transmit", + "A device that assists in manual sending of Morse code", + "An interlock to prevent unauthorized use of a radio" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the effect of excessive microphone gain on SSB transmissions?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency instability", + "Distorted transmitted audio", + "Increased SWR", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can be used to enter a transceiver’s operating frequency?", + "answers": [ + "The keypad or VFO knob", + "The CTCSS or DTMF encoder", + "The Automatic Frequency Control", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How is squelch adjusted so that a weak FM signal can be heard?", + "answers": [ + "Set the squelch threshold so that receiver output audio is on all the time", + "Turn up the audio level until it overcomes the squelch threshold", + "Turn on the anti-squelch function", + "Enable squelch enhancement" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is a way to enable quick access to a favorite frequency or channel on your transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "Enable the frequency offset", + "Store it in a memory channel", + "Enable the VOX", + "Use the scan mode to select the desired frequency" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What does the scanning function of an FM transceiver do?", + "answers": [ + "Checks incoming signal deviation", + "Prevents interference to nearby repeaters", + "Tunes through a range of frequencies to check for activity", + "Checks for messages left on a digital bulletin board" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following controls could be used if the voice pitch of a single-sideband signal returning to your CQ call seems too high or low?", + "answers": [ + "The AGC or limiter", + "The bandwidth selection", + "The tone squelch", + "The RIT or Clarifier" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What does a DMR “code plug” contain?", + "answers": [ + "Your call sign in CW for automatic identification", + "Access information for repeaters and talkgroups", + "The codec for digitizing audio", + "The DMR software version" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the advantage of having multiple receive bandwidth choices on a multimode transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "Permits monitoring several modes at once by selecting a separate filter for each mode", + "Permits noise or interference reduction by selecting a bandwidth matching the mode", + "Increases the number of frequencies that can be stored in memory", + "Increases the amount of offset between receive and transmit frequencies" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How is a specific group of stations selected on a digital voice transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "By retrieving the frequencies from transceiver memory", + "By enabling the group’s CTCSS tone", + "By entering the group’s identification code", + "By activating automatic identification" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following receiver filter bandwidths provides the best signal-to-noise ratio for SSB reception?", + "answers": [ + "500 Hz", + "1000 Hz", + "2400 Hz", + "5000 Hz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following must be programmed into a D-STAR digital transceiver before transmitting?", + "answers": [ + "Your call sign", + "Your output power", + "The codec type being used", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the result of tuning an FM receiver above or below a signal’s frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Change in audio pitch", + "Sideband inversion", + "Generation of a heterodyne tone", + "Distortion of the signal’s audio" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 5, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Electrical current is measured in which of the following units?", + "answers": [ + "Volts", + "Watts", + "Ohms", + "Amperes" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Electrical power is measured in which of the following units?", + "answers": [ + "Volts", + "Watts", + "Watt-hours", + "Amperes" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the name for the flow of electrons in an electric circuit?", + "answers": [ + "Voltage", + "Resistance", + "Capacitance", + "Current" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What are the units of electrical resistance?", + "answers": [ + "Siemens", + "Mhos", + "Ohms", + "Coulombs" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the electrical term for the force that causes electron flow?", + "answers": [ + "Voltage", + "Ampere-hours", + "Capacitance", + "Inductance" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the unit of frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Hertz", + "Henry", + "Farad", + "Tesla" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why are metals generally good conductors of electricity?", + "answers": [ + "They have relatively high density", + "They have many free electrons", + "They have many free protons", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a good electrical insulator?", + "answers": [ + "Copper", + "Glass", + "Aluminum", + "Mercury" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes alternating current?", + "answers": [ + "Current that alternates between a positive direction and zero", + "Current that alternates between a negative direction and zero", + "Current that alternates between positive and negative directions", + "All these answers are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which term describes the rate at which electrical energy is used?", + "answers": [ + "Resistance", + "Current", + "Power", + "Voltage" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What type of current flow is opposed by resistance?", + "answers": [ + "Direct current", + "Alternating current", + "RF current", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What describes the number of times per second that an alternating current makes a complete cycle?", + "answers": [ + "Pulse rate", + "Speed", + "Wavelength", + "Frequency" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "How many milliamperes is 1.5 amperes?", + "answers": [ + "15 milliamperes", + "150 milliamperes", + "1500 milliamperes", + "15,000 milliamperes" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which is equal to 1,500,000 hertz?", + "answers": [ + "1500 kHz", + "1500 MHz", + "15 GHz", + "150 kHz" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which is equal to one kilovolt?", + "answers": [ + "One one-thousandth of a volt", + "One hundred volts", + "One thousand volts", + "One million volts" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which is equal to one microvolt?", + "answers": [ + "One one-millionth of a volt", + "One million volts", + "One thousand kilovolts", + "One one-thousandth of a volt" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which is equal to 500 milliwatts?", + "answers": [ + "0.02 watts", + "0.5 watts", + "5 watts", + "50 watts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which is equal to 3000 milliamperes?", + "answers": [ + "0.003 amperes", + "0.3 amperes", + "3,000,000 amperes", + "3 amperes" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which is equal to 3.525 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "0.003525 kHz", + "35.25 kHz", + "3525 kHz", + "3,525,000 kHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which is equal to 1,000,000 picofarads?", + "answers": [ + "0.001 microfarads", + "1 microfarad", + "1000 microfarads", + "1,000,000,000 microfarads" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which decibel value most closely represents a power increase from 5 watts to 10 watts?", + "answers": [ + "2 dB", + "3 dB", + "5 dB", + "10 dB" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which decibel value most closely represents a power decrease from 12 watts to 3 watts?", + "answers": [ + "-1 dB", + "-3 dB", + "-6 dB", + "-9 dB" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which decibel value represents a power increase from 20 watts to 200 watts?", + "answers": [ + "10 dB", + "12 dB", + "18 dB", + "28 dB" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which is equal to 28400 kHz?", + "answers": [ + "28.400 kHz", + "2.800 MHz", + "284.00 MHz", + "28.400 MHz" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which is equal to 2425 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "0.002425 GHz", + "24.25 GHz", + "2.425 GHz", + "2425 GHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What describes the ability to store energy in an electric field?", + "answers": [ + "Inductance", + "Resistance", + "Tolerance", + "Capacitance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the unit of capacitance?", + "answers": [ + "The farad", + "The ohm", + "The volt", + "The henry" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What describes the ability to store energy in a magnetic field?", + "answers": [ + "Admittance", + "Capacitance", + "Resistance", + "Inductance" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the unit of inductance?", + "answers": [ + "The coulomb", + "The farad", + "The henry", + "The ohm" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the unit of impedance?", + "answers": [ + "The volt", + "The ampere", + "The coulomb", + "The ohm" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What does the abbreviation “RF” mean?", + "answers": [ + "Radio frequency signals of all types", + "The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit", + "The real frequency transmitted as opposed to the apparent frequency", + "Reflective force in antenna transmission lines" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the abbreviation for megahertz?", + "answers": [ + "MH", + "mh", + "Mhz", + "MHz" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the formula used to calculate electrical power (P) in a DC circuit?", + "answers": [ + "P = I × E", + "P = E / I", + "P = E – I", + "P = I + E" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How much power is delivered by a voltage of 13.8 volts DC and a current of 10 amperes?", + "answers": [ + "138 watts", + "0.7 watts", + "23.8 watts", + "3.8 watts" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How much power is delivered by a voltage of 12 volts DC and a current of 2.5 amperes?", + "answers": [ + "4.8 watts", + "30 watts", + "14.5 watts", + "0.208 watts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How much current is required to deliver 120 watts at a voltage of 12 volts DC?", + "answers": [ + "0.1 amperes", + "10 amperes", + "12 amperes", + "132 amperes" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is impedance?", + "answers": [ + "The opposition to AC current flow", + "The inverse of resistance", + "The Q or Quality Factor of a component", + "The power handling capability of a component" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the abbreviation for kilohertz?", + "answers": [ + "KHZ", + "khz", + "khZ", + "kHz" + ], + "correct": 3 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What formula is used to calculate current in a circuit?", + "answers": [ + "I = E × R", + "I = E / R", + "I = E + R", + "I = E - R" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What formula is used to calculate voltage in a circuit?", + "answers": [ + "E = I x R", + "E = I / R", + "E = I + R", + "E = I - R" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What formula is used to calculate resistance in a circuit?", + "answers": [ + "R = E x I", + "R = E / I", + "R = E + I", + "R = E - I" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the resistance of a circuit in which a current of 3 amperes flows when connected to 90 volts?", + "answers": [ + "3 ohms", + "30 ohms", + "93 ohms", + "270 ohms" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the resistance of a circuit for which the applied voltage is 12 volts and the current flow is 1.5 amperes?", + "answers": [ + "18 ohms", + "0.125 ohms", + "8 ohms", + "13.5 ohms" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the resistance of a circuit that draws 4 amperes from a 12-volt source?", + "answers": [ + "3 ohms", + "16 ohms", + "48 ohms", + "8 ohms" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the current in a circuit with an applied voltage of 120 volts and a resistance of 80 ohms?", + "answers": [ + "9600 amperes", + "200 amperes", + "0.667 amperes", + "1.5 amperes" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the current through a 100-ohm resistor connected across 200 volts?", + "answers": [ + "20,000 amperes", + "0.5 amperes", + "2 amperes", + "100 amperes" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the current through a 24-ohm resistor connected across 240 volts?", + "answers": [ + "24,000 amperes", + "0.1 amperes", + "10 amperes", + "216 amperes" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the voltage across a 2-ohm resistor if a current of 0.5 amperes flows through it?", + "answers": [ + "1 volt", + "0.25 volts", + "2.5 volts", + "1.5 volts" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 1 ampere flows through it?", + "answers": [ + "1 volt", + "10 volts", + "11 volts", + "9 volts" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 2 amperes flows through it?", + "answers": [ + "8 volts", + "0.2 volts", + "12 volts", + "20 volts" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "In which type of circuit is DC current the same through all components?", + "answers": [ + "Series", + "Parallel", + "Resonant", + "Branch" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "In which type of circuit is voltage the same across all components?", + "answers": [ + "Series", + "Parallel", + "Resonant", + "Branch" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 6, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What electrical component opposes the flow of current in a DC circuit?", + "answers": [ + "Inductor", + "Resistor", + "Inverter", + "Transformer" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What type of component is often used as an adjustable volume control?", + "answers": [ + "Fixed resistor", + "Power resistor", + "Potentiometer", + "Transformer" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What electrical parameter is controlled by a potentiometer?", + "answers": [ + "Inductance", + "Resistance", + "Capacitance", + "Field strength" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What electrical component stores energy in an electric field?", + "answers": [ + "Varistor", + "Capacitor", + "Inductor", + "Diode" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What type of electrical component consists of conductive surfaces separated by an insulator?", + "answers": [ + "Resistor", + "Potentiometer", + "Oscillator", + "Capacitor" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What type of electrical component stores energy in a magnetic field?", + "answers": [ + "Varistor", + "Capacitor", + "Inductor", + "Diode" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What electrical component is typically constructed as a coil of wire?", + "answers": [ + "Switch", + "Capacitor", + "Diode", + "Inductor" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of an SPDT switch?", + "answers": [ + "A single circuit is opened or closed", + "Two circuits are opened or closed", + "A single circuit is switched between one of two other circuits", + "Two circuits are each switched between one of two other circuits" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What electrical component is used to protect other circuit components from current overloads?", + "answers": [ + "Fuse", + "Thyratron", + "Varactor", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following battery chemistries is rechargeable?", + "answers": [ + "Nickel-metal hydride", + "Lithium-ion", + "Lead-acid", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following battery chemistries is not rechargeable?", + "answers": [ + "Nickel-cadmium", + "Carbon-zinc", + "Lead-acid", + "Lithium-ion" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What type of switch is represented by component 3 in figure T-2?", + "answers": [ + "Single-pole single-throw", + "Single-pole double-throw", + "Double-pole single-throw", + "Double-pole double-throw" + ], + "correct": 0, + "image_path": "T-2.png" + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which is true about forward voltage drop in a diode?", + "answers": [ + "It is lower in some diode types than in others", + "It is proportional to peak inverse voltage", + "It indicates that the diode is defective", + "It has no impact on the voltage delivered to the load" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What electronic component allows current to flow in only one direction?", + "answers": [ + "Resistor", + "Fuse", + "Diode", + "Driven element" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these components can be used as an electronic switch?", + "answers": [ + "Varistor", + "Potentiometer", + "Transistor", + "Thermistor" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following components can consist of three regions of semiconductor material?", + "answers": [ + "Alternator", + "Transistor", + "Triode", + "Pentagrid converter" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What type of transistor has a gate, drain, and source?", + "answers": [ + "Varistor", + "Field-effect", + "Tesla-effect", + "Bipolar junction" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How is the cathode lead of a semiconductor diode often marked on the package?", + "answers": [ + "With the word \"cathode\"", + "With a stripe", + "With the letter C", + "With the letter K" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What causes a light-emitting diode (LED) to emit light?", + "answers": [ + "Forward current", + "Reverse current", + "Capacitively-coupled RF signal", + "Inductively-coupled RF signal" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What does the abbreviation FET stand for?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency Emission Transmitter", + "Fast Electron Transistor", + "Free Electron Transmitter", + "Field Effect Transistor" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What are the names for the electrodes of a diode?", + "answers": [ + "Plus and minus", + "Source and drain", + "Anode and cathode", + "Gate and base" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can provide power gain?", + "answers": [ + "Transformer", + "Transistor", + "Reactor", + "Resistor" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the term that describes a device's ability to amplify a signal?", + "answers": [ + "Gain", + "Forward resistance", + "Forward voltage drop", + "On resistance" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What are the names of the electrodes of a bipolar junction transistor?", + "answers": [ + "Signal, bias, power", + "Emitter, base, collector", + "Input, output, supply", + "Pole one, pole two, output" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the name of an electrical wiring diagram that uses standard component symbols?", + "answers": [ + "Bill of materials", + "Connector pinout", + "Schematic", + "Flow chart" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is component 1 in figure T-1?", + "answers": [ + "Resistor", + "Transistor", + "Battery", + "Connector" + ], + "correct": 0, + "image_path": "T-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is component 2 in figure T-1?", + "answers": [ + "Resistor", + "Transistor", + "Indicator lamp", + "Connector" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "T-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is component 3 in figure T-1?", + "answers": [ + "Resistor", + "Transistor", + "Lamp", + "Ground symbol" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "T-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is component 4 in figure T-1?", + "answers": [ + "Resistor", + "Transistor", + "Ground symbol", + "Battery" + ], + "correct": 3, + "image_path": "T-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is component 6 in figure T-2?", + "answers": [ + "Resistor", + "Capacitor", + "Regulator IC", + "Transistor" + ], + "correct": 1, + "image_path": "T-2.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is component 8 in figure T-2?", + "answers": [ + "Resistor", + "Inductor", + "Regulator IC", + "Light emitting diode" + ], + "correct": 3, + "image_path": "T-2.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is component 9 in figure T-2?", + "answers": [ + "Variable capacitor", + "Variable inductor", + "Variable resistor", + "Variable transformer" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "T-2.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is component 4 in figure T-2?", + "answers": [ + "Variable inductor", + "Double-pole switch", + "Potentiometer", + "Transformer" + ], + "correct": 3, + "image_path": "T-2.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is component 3 in figure T-3?", + "answers": [ + "Connector", + "Meter", + "Variable capacitor", + "Variable inductor" + ], + "correct": 3, + "image_path": "T-3.png" + }, + { + "question": "What is component 4 in figure T-3?", + "answers": [ + "Antenna", + "Transmitter", + "Dummy load", + "Ground" + ], + "correct": 0, + "image_path": "T-3.png" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is accurately represented in electrical schematics?", + "answers": [ + "Wire lengths", + "Physical appearance of components", + "Component connections", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following devices or circuits changes an alternating current into a varying direct current signal?", + "answers": [ + "Transformer", + "Rectifier", + "Amplifier", + "Reflector" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is a relay?", + "answers": [ + "An electrically-controlled switch", + "A current controlled amplifier", + "An inverting amplifier", + "A pass transistor" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a reason to use shielded wire?", + "answers": [ + "To decrease the resistance of DC power connections", + "To increase the current carrying capability of the wire", + "To prevent coupling of unwanted signals to or from the wire", + "To couple the wire to other signals" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following displays an electrical quantity as a numeric value?", + "answers": [ + "Potentiometer", + "Transistor", + "Meter", + "Relay" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What type of circuit controls the amount of voltage from a power supply?", + "answers": [ + "Regulator", + "Oscillator", + "Filter", + "Phase inverter" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What component changes 120 V AC power to a lower AC voltage for other uses?", + "answers": [ + "Variable capacitor", + "Transformer", + "Transistor", + "Diode" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is commonly used as a visual indicator?", + "answers": [ + "LED", + "FET", + "Zener diode", + "Bipolar transistor" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is combined with an inductor to make a resonant circuit?", + "answers": [ + "Resistor", + "Zener diode", + "Potentiometer", + "Capacitor" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of a device that combines several semiconductors and other components into one package?", + "answers": [ + "Transducer", + "Multi-pole relay", + "Integrated circuit", + "Transformer" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of component 2 in figure T-1?", + "answers": [ + "Give off light when current flows through it", + "Supply electrical energy", + "Control the flow of current", + "Convert electrical energy into radio waves" + ], + "correct": 2, + "image_path": "T-1.png" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a resonant or tuned circuit?", + "answers": [ + "An inductor and a capacitor in series or parallel", + "A linear voltage regulator", + "A resistor circuit used for reducing standing wave ratio", + "A circuit designed to provide high-fidelity audio" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 7, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which term describes the ability of a receiver to detect the presence of a signal?", + "answers": [ + "Linearity", + "Sensitivity", + "Selectivity", + "Total Harmonic Distortion" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is a transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "A device that combines a receiver and transmitter", + "A device for matching feed line impedance to 50 ohms", + "A device for automatically sending and decoding Morse code", + "A device for converting receiver and transmitter frequencies to another band" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used to convert a signal from one frequency to another?", + "answers": [ + "Phase splitter", + "Mixer", + "Inverter", + "Amplifier" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which term describes the ability of a receiver to discriminate between multiple signals?", + "answers": [ + "Discrimination ratio", + "Sensitivity", + "Selectivity", + "Harmonic distortion" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of a circuit that generates a signal at a specific frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Reactance modulator", + "Phase modulator", + "Low-pass filter", + "Oscillator" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What device converts the RF input and output of a transceiver to another band?", + "answers": [ + "High-pass filter", + "Low-pass filter", + "Transverter", + "Phase converter" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of a transceiver’s PTT input?", + "answers": [ + "Input for a key used to send CW", + "Switches transceiver from receive to transmit when grounded", + "Provides a transmit tuning tone when grounded", + "Input for a preamplifier tuning tone" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes combining speech with an RF carrier signal?", + "answers": [ + "Impedance matching", + "Oscillation", + "Modulation", + "Low-pass filtering" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of the SSB/CW-FM switch on a VHF power amplifier?", + "answers": [ + "Change the mode of the transmitted signal", + "Set the amplifier for proper operation in the selected mode", + "Change the frequency range of the amplifier to operate in the proper segment of the band", + "Reduce the received signal noise" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What device increases the transmitted output power from a transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "A voltage divider", + "An RF power amplifier", + "An impedance network", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Where is an RF preamplifier installed?", + "answers": [ + "Between the antenna and receiver", + "At the output of the transmitter power amplifier", + "Between the transmitter and the antenna tuner", + "At the output of the receiver audio amplifier" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What can you do if you are told your FM handheld or mobile transceiver is over-deviating?", + "answers": [ + "Talk louder into the microphone", + "Let the transceiver cool off", + "Change to a higher power level", + "Talk farther away from the microphone" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What would cause a broadcast AM or FM radio to receive an amateur radio transmission unintentionally?", + "answers": [ + "The receiver is unable to reject strong signals outside the AM or FM band", + "The microphone gain of the transmitter is turned up too high", + "The audio amplifier of the transmitter is overloaded", + "The deviation of an FM transmitter is set too low" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can cause radio frequency interference?", + "answers": [ + "Fundamental overload", + "Harmonics", + "Spurious emissions", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following could you use to cure distorted audio caused by RF current on the shield of a microphone cable?", + "answers": [ + "Band-pass filter", + "Low-pass filter", + "Preamplifier", + "Ferrite choke" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "How can fundamental overload of a non-amateur radio or TV receiver by an amateur signal be reduced or eliminated?", + "answers": [ + "Block the amateur signal with a filter at the antenna input of the affected receiver", + "Block the interfering signal with a filter on the amateur transmitter", + "Switch the transmitter from FM to SSB", + "Switch the transmitter to a narrow-band mode" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following actions should you take if a neighbor tells you that your station’s transmissions are interfering with their radio or TV reception?", + "answers": [ + "Make sure that your station is functioning properly and that it does not cause interference to your own radio or television when it is tuned to the same channel", + "Immediately turn off your transmitter and contact the nearest FCC office for assistance", + "Install a harmonic doubler on the output of your transmitter and tune it until the interference is eliminated", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can reduce overload of a VHF transceiver by a nearby commercial FM station?", + "answers": [ + "Installing an RF preamplifier", + "Using double-shielded coaxial cable", + "Installing bypass capacitors on the microphone cable", + "Installing a band-reject filter" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What should you do if something in a neighbor’s home is causing harmful interference to your amateur station?", + "answers": [ + "Work with your neighbor to identify the offending device", + "Politely inform your neighbor that FCC rules prohibit the use of devices that cause interference", + "Make sure your station meets the standards of good amateur practice", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What should be the first step to resolve non-fiber optic cable TV interference caused by your amateur radio transmission?", + "answers": [ + "Add a low-pass filter to the TV antenna input", + "Add a high-pass filter to the TV antenna input", + "Add a preamplifier to the TV antenna input", + "Be sure all TV feed line coaxial connectors are installed properly" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What might be a problem if you receive a report that your audio signal through an FM repeater is distorted or unintelligible?", + "answers": [ + "Your transmitter is slightly off frequency", + "Your batteries are running low", + "You are in a bad location", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a symptom of RF feedback in a transmitter or transceiver?", + "answers": [ + "Excessive SWR at the antenna connection", + "The transmitter will not stay on the desired frequency", + "Reports of garbled, distorted, or unintelligible voice transmissions", + "Frequent blowing of power supply fuses" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is the primary purpose of a dummy load?", + "answers": [ + "To prevent transmitting signals over the air when making tests", + "To prevent over-modulation of a transmitter", + "To improve the efficiency of an antenna", + "To improve the signal-to-noise ratio of a receiver" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used to determine if an antenna is resonant at the desired operating frequency?", + "answers": [ + "A VTVM", + "An antenna analyzer", + "A Q meter", + "A frequency counter" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What does a dummy load consist of?", + "answers": [ + "A high-gain amplifier and a TR switch", + "A non-inductive resistor mounted on a heat sink", + "A low-voltage power supply and a DC relay", + "A 50-ohm reactance used to terminate a transmission line" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What reading on an SWR meter indicates a perfect impedance match between the antenna and the feed line?", + "answers": [ + "50:50", + "Zero", + "1:1", + "Full Scale" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Why do most solid-state transmitters reduce output power as SWR increases beyond a certain level?", + "answers": [ + "To protect the output amplifier transistors", + "To comply with FCC rules on spectral purity", + "Because power supplies cannot supply enough current at high SWR", + "To lower the SWR on the transmission line" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What does an SWR reading of 4:1 indicate?", + "answers": [ + "Loss of -4 dB", + "Good impedance match", + "Gain of +4 dB", + "Impedance mismatch" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What happens to power lost in a feed line?", + "answers": [ + "It increases the SWR", + "It is radiated as harmonics", + "It is converted into heat", + "It distorts the signal" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which instrument can be used to determine SWR?", + "answers": [ + "Voltmeter", + "Ohmmeter", + "Iambic pentameter", + "Directional wattmeter" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following causes failure of coaxial cables?", + "answers": [ + "Moisture contamination", + "Solder flux contamination", + "Rapid fluctuation in transmitter output power", + "Operation at 100% duty cycle for an extended period" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Why should the outer jacket of coaxial cable be resistant to ultraviolet light?", + "answers": [ + "Ultraviolet resistant jackets prevent harmonic radiation", + "Ultraviolet light can increase losses in the cable’s jacket", + "Ultraviolet and RF signals can mix, causing interference", + "Ultraviolet light can damage the jacket and allow water to enter the cable" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a disadvantage of air core coaxial cable when compared to foam or solid dielectric types?", + "answers": [ + "It has more loss per foot", + "It cannot be used for VHF or UHF antennas", + "It requires special techniques to prevent moisture in the cable", + "It cannot be used at below freezing temperatures" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which instrument would you use to measure electric potential?", + "answers": [ + "An ammeter", + "A voltmeter", + "A wavemeter", + "An ohmmeter" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How is a voltmeter connected to a component to measure applied voltage?", + "answers": [ + "In series", + "In parallel", + "In quadrature", + "In phase" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "When configured to measure current, how is a multimeter connected to a component?", + "answers": [ + "In series", + "In parallel", + "In quadrature", + "In phase" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which instrument is used to measure electric current?", + "answers": [ + "An ohmmeter", + "An electrometer", + "A voltmeter", + "An ammeter" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can damage a multimeter?", + "answers": [ + "Attempting to measure resistance using the voltage setting", + "Failing to connect one of the probes to ground", + "Attempting to measure voltage when using the resistance setting", + "Not allowing it to warm up properly" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following measurements are made using a multimeter?", + "answers": [ + "Signal strength and noise", + "Impedance and reactance", + "Voltage and resistance", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of solder should not be used for radio and electronic applications?", + "answers": [ + "Acid-core solder", + "Lead-tin solder", + "Rosin-core solder", + "Tin-copper solder" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the characteristic appearance of a cold tin-lead solder joint?", + "answers": [ + "Dark black spots", + "A bright or shiny surface", + "A rough or lumpy surface", + "Excessive solder" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What reading indicates that an ohmmeter is connected across a large, discharged capacitor?", + "answers": [ + "Increasing resistance with time", + "Decreasing resistance with time", + "Steady full-scale reading", + "Alternating between open and short circuit" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring in-circuit resistance with an ohmmeter?", + "answers": [ + "Ensure that the applied voltages are correct", + "Ensure that the circuit is not powered", + "Ensure that the circuit is grounded", + "Ensure that the circuit is operating at the correct frequency" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 8, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following is a form of amplitude modulation?", + "answers": [ + "Spread spectrum", + "Packet radio", + "Single sideband", + "Phase shift keying (PSK)" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What type of modulation is commonly used for VHF packet radio transmissions?", + "answers": [ + "FM or PM", + "SSB", + "AM", + "PSK" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which type of voice mode is often used for long-distance (weak signal) contacts on the VHF and UHF bands?", + "answers": [ + "FM", + "DRM", + "SSB", + "PM" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which type of modulation is commonly used for VHF and UHF voice repeaters?", + "answers": [ + "AM", + "SSB", + "PSK", + "FM or PM" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of signal has the narrowest bandwidth?", + "answers": [ + "FM voice", + "SSB voice", + "CW", + "Slow-scan TV" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF, and UHF single-sideband communications?", + "answers": [ + "Upper sideband", + "Lower sideband", + "Suppressed sideband", + "Inverted sideband" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is a characteristic of single sideband (SSB) compared to FM?", + "answers": [ + "SSB signals are easier to tune in correctly", + "SSB signals are less susceptible to interference", + "SSB signals have narrower bandwidth", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate bandwidth of a typical single sideband (SSB) voice signal?", + "answers": [ + "1 kHz", + "3 kHz", + "6 kHz", + "15 kHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate bandwidth of a VHF repeater FM voice signal?", + "answers": [ + "Less than 500 Hz", + "About 150 kHz", + "Between 10 and 15 kHz", + "Between 50 and 125 kHz" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate bandwidth of AM fast-scan TV transmissions?", + "answers": [ + "More than 10 MHz", + "About 6 MHz", + "About 3 MHz", + "About 1 MHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate bandwidth required to transmit a CW signal?", + "answers": [ + "2.4 kHz", + "150 Hz", + "1000 Hz", + "15 kHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a disadvantage of FM compared with single sideband?", + "answers": [ + "Voice quality is poorer", + "Only one signal can be received at a time", + "FM signals are harder to tune", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What telemetry information is typically transmitted by satellite beacons?", + "answers": [ + "The signal strength of received signals", + "Time of day accurate to plus or minus 1/10 second", + "Health and status of the satellite", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the impact of using excessive effective radiated power on a satellite uplink?", + "answers": [ + "Possibility of commanding the satellite to an improper mode", + "Blocking access by other users", + "Overloading the satellite batteries", + "Possibility of rebooting the satellite control computer" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are provided by satellite tracking programs?", + "answers": [ + "Maps showing the real-time position of the satellite track over Earth", + "The time, azimuth, and elevation of the start, maximum altitude, and end of a pass", + "The apparent frequency of the satellite transmission, including effects of Doppler shift", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What mode of transmission is commonly used by amateur radio satellites?", + "answers": [ + "SSB", + "FM", + "CW/data", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a satellite beacon?", + "answers": [ + "The primary transmit antenna on the satellite", + "An indicator light that shows where to point your antenna", + "A reflective surface on the satellite", + "A transmission from a satellite that contains status information" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are inputs to a satellite tracking program?", + "answers": [ + "The satellite transmitted power", + "The Keplerian elements", + "The last observed time of zero Doppler shift", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is Doppler shift in reference to satellite communications?", + "answers": [ + "A change in the satellite orbit", + "A mode where the satellite receives signals on one band and transmits on another", + "An observed change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between the satellite and Earth station", + "A special digital communications mode for some satellites" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is meant by the statement that a satellite is operating in U/V mode?", + "answers": [ + "The satellite uplink is in the 15 meter band and the downlink is in the 10 meter band", + "The satellite uplink is in the 70 centimeter band and the downlink is in the 2 meter band", + "The satellite operates using ultraviolet frequencies", + "The satellite frequencies are usually variable" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What causes spin fading of satellite signals?", + "answers": [ + "Circular polarized noise interference radiated from the sun", + "Rotation of the satellite and its antennas", + "Doppler shift of the received signal", + "Interfering signals within the satellite uplink band" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is a LEO satellite?", + "answers": [ + "A sun synchronous satellite", + "A highly elliptical orbit satellite", + "A satellite in low energy operation mode", + "A satellite in low earth orbit" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Who may receive telemetry from a space station?", + "answers": [ + "Anyone", + "A licensed radio amateur with a transmitter equipped for interrogating the satellite", + "A licensed radio amateur who has been certified by the protocol developer", + "A licensed radio amateur who has registered for an access code from AMSAT" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a way to determine whether your satellite uplink power is neither too low nor too high?", + "answers": [ + "Check your signal strength report in the telemetry data", + "Listen for distortion on your downlink signal", + "Your signal strength on the downlink should be about the same as the beacon", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following methods is used to locate sources of noise interference or jamming?", + "answers": [ + "Echolocation", + "Doppler radar", + "Radio direction finding", + "Phase locking" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of these items would be useful for a hidden transmitter hunt?", + "answers": [ + "Calibrated SWR meter", + "A directional antenna", + "A calibrated noise bridge", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What operating activity involves contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period?", + "answers": [ + "Simulated emergency exercises", + "Net operations", + "Public service events", + "Contesting" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is good procedure when contacting another station in a contest?", + "answers": [ + "Sign only the last two letters of your call if there are many other stations calling", + "Contact the station twice to be sure that you are in his log", + "Send only the minimum information needed for proper identification and the contest exchange", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a grid locator?", + "answers": [ + "A letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location", + "A letter-number designator assigned to an azimuth and elevation", + "An instrument for neutralizing a final amplifier", + "An instrument for radio direction finding" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How is over the air access to IRLP nodes accomplished?", + "answers": [ + "By obtaining a password that is sent via voice to the node", + "By using DTMF signals", + "By entering the proper internet password", + "By using CTCSS tone codes" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)?", + "answers": [ + "A set of rules specifying how to identify your station when linked over the internet to another station", + "A technique employed to “spot” DX stations via the internet", + "A technique for measuring the modulation quality of a transmitter using remote sites monitored via the internet", + "A method of delivering voice communications over the internet using digital techniques" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is the Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP)?", + "answers": [ + "A technique to connect amateur radio systems, such as repeaters, via the internet using Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)", + "A system for providing access to websites via amateur radio", + "A system for informing amateurs in real time of the frequency of active DX stations", + "A technique for measuring signal strength of an amateur transmitter via the internet" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following protocols enables an amateur station to transmit through a repeater without using a radio to initiate the transmission?", + "answers": [ + "IRLP", + "D-STAR", + "DMR", + "EchoLink" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is required before using the EchoLink system?", + "answers": [ + "Complete the required EchoLink training", + "Purchase a license to use the EchoLink software", + "Register your call sign and provide proof of license", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is an amateur radio station that connects other amateur stations to the internet?", + "answers": [ + "A gateway", + "A repeater", + "A digipeater", + "A beacon" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "D", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following is a digital communications mode?", + "answers": [ + "Packet radio", + "IEEE 802.11", + "FT8", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a “talkgroup” on a DMR repeater?", + "answers": [ + "A group of operators sharing common interests", + "A way for groups of users to share a channel at different times without hearing other users on the channel", + "A protocol that increases the signal-to-noise ratio when multiple repeaters are linked together", + "A net that meets at a specified time" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What kind of data can be transmitted by APRS?", + "answers": [ + "GPS position data", + "Text messages", + "Weather data", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What type of transmission is indicated by the term \"NTSC?\"", + "answers": [ + "A Normal Transmission mode in Static Circuit", + "A special mode for satellite uplink", + "An analog fast-scan color TV signal", + "A frame compression scheme for TV signals" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an application of APRS?", + "answers": [ + "Providing real-time tactical digital communications in conjunction with a map showing the locations of stations", + "Showing automatically the number of packets transmitted via PACTOR during a specific time interval", + "Providing voice over internet connection between repeaters", + "Providing information on the number of stations signed into a repeater" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What does the abbreviation \"PSK\" mean?", + "answers": [ + "Pulse Shift Keying", + "Phase Shift Keying", + "Packet Short Keying", + "Phased Slide Keying" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes DMR?", + "answers": [ + "A technique for time-multiplexing two digital voice signals on a single 12.5 kHz repeater channel", + "An automatic position tracking mode for FM mobiles communicating through repeaters", + "An automatic computer logging technique for hands-off logging when communicating while operating a vehicle", + "A digital technique for transmitting on two repeater inputs simultaneously for automatic error correction" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is included in packet radio transmissions?", + "answers": [ + "A check sum that permits error detection", + "A header that contains the call sign of the station to which the information is being sent", + "Automatic repeat request in case of error", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is CW?", + "answers": [ + "A type of electromagnetic propagation", + "A digital mode used primarily on 2 meter FM", + "A technique for coil winding", + "Another name for a Morse code transmission" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following operating activities is supported by digital mode software in the WSJT-X software suite?", + "answers": [ + "Earth-Moon-Earth", + "Weak signal propagation beacons", + "Meteor scatter", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is an ARQ transmission system?", + "answers": [ + "A special transmission format limited to video signals", + "A system used to encrypt command signals to an amateur radio satellite", + "An error correction method in which the receiving station detects errors and sends a request for retransmission", + "A method of compressing data using autonomous reiterative Q codes prior to final encoding" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes an amateur radio mesh network?", + "answers": [ + "An amateur-radio based data network using commercial Wi-Fi equipment with modified firmware", + "A wide-bandwidth digital voice mode employing DMR protocols", + "A satellite communications network using modified commercial satellite TV hardware", + "An internet linking protocol used to network repeaters" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is FT8?", + "answers": [ + "A wideband FM voice mode", + "A digital mode capable of low signal-to-noise operation", + "An eight channel multiplex mode for FM repeaters", + "A digital slow-scan TV mode with forward error correction and automatic color compensation" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 9, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is a beam antenna?", + "answers": [ + "An antenna built from aluminum I-beams", + "An omnidirectional antenna invented by Clarence Beam", + "An antenna that concentrates signals in one direction", + "An antenna that reverses the phase of received signals" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a type of antenna loading?", + "answers": [ + "Electrically lengthening by inserting inductors in radiating elements", + "Inserting a resistor in the radiating portion of the antenna to make it resonant", + "Installing a spring in the base of a mobile vertical antenna to make it more flexible", + "Strengthening the radiating elements of a beam antenna to better resist wind damage" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following describes a simple dipole oriented parallel to Earth's surface?", + "answers": [ + "A ground-wave antenna", + "A horizontally polarized antenna", + "A travelling-wave antenna", + "A vertically polarized antenna" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is a disadvantage of the short, flexible antenna supplied with most handheld radio transceivers, compared to a full-sized quarter-wave antenna?", + "answers": [ + "It has low efficiency", + "It transmits only circularly polarized signals", + "It is mechanically fragile", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following increases the resonant frequency of a dipole antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Lengthening it", + "Inserting coils in series with radiating wires", + "Shortening it", + "Adding capacitive loading to the ends of the radiating wires" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of antenna offers the greatest gain?", + "answers": [ + "5/8 wave vertical", + "Isotropic", + "J pole", + "Yagi" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is a disadvantage of using a handheld VHF transceiver with a flexible antenna inside a vehicle?", + "answers": [ + "Signal strength is reduced due to the shielding effect of the vehicle", + "The bandwidth of the antenna will decrease, increasing SWR", + "The SWR might decrease, decreasing the signal strength", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate length, in inches, of a quarter-wavelength vertical antenna for 146 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "112", + "50", + "19", + "12" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the approximate length, in inches, of a half-wavelength 6 meter dipole antenna?", + "answers": [ + "6", + "50", + "112", + "236" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "In which direction does a half-wave dipole antenna radiate the strongest signal?", + "answers": [ + "Equally in all directions", + "Off the ends of the antenna", + "In the direction of the feed line", + "Broadside to the antenna" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What is antenna gain?", + "answers": [ + "The additional power that is added to the transmitter power", + "The additional power that is required in the antenna when transmitting on a higher frequency", + "The increase in signal strength in a specified direction compared to a reference antenna", + "The increase in impedance on receive or transmit compared to a reference antenna" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is an advantage of a 5/8 wavelength whip antenna for VHF or UHF mobile service?", + "answers": [ + "It has more gain than a 1/4-wavelength antenna", + "It radiates at a very high angle", + "It eliminates distortion caused by reflected signals", + "It has 10 times the power gain of a 1/4 wavelength whip" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What is a benefit of low SWR?", + "answers": [ + "Reduced television interference", + "Reduced signal loss", + "Less antenna wear", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the most common impedance of coaxial cables used in amateur radio?", + "answers": [ + "8 ohms", + "50 ohms", + "600 ohms", + "12 ohms" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why is coaxial cable the most common feed line for amateur radio antenna systems?", + "answers": [ + "It is easy to use and requires few special installation considerations", + "It has less loss than any other type of feed line", + "It can handle more power than any other type of feed line", + "It is less expensive than any other type of feed line" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the major function of an antenna tuner (antenna coupler)?", + "answers": [ + "It matches the antenna system impedance to the transceiver's output impedance", + "It helps a receiver automatically tune in weak stations", + "It allows an antenna to be used on both transmit and receive", + "It automatically selects the proper antenna for the frequency band being used" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What happens as the frequency of a signal in coaxial cable is increased?", + "answers": [ + "The characteristic impedance decreases", + "The loss decreases", + "The characteristic impedance increases", + "The loss increases" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following RF connector types is most suitable for frequencies above 400 MHz?", + "answers": [ + "UHF (PL-259/SO-239)", + "Type N", + "RS-213", + "DB-25" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is true of PL-259 type coax connectors?", + "answers": [ + "They are preferred for microwave operation", + "They are watertight", + "They are commonly used at HF and VHF frequencies", + "They are a bayonet-type connector" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a source of loss in coaxial feed line?", + "answers": [ + "Water intrusion into coaxial connectors", + "High SWR", + "Multiple connectors in the line", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What can cause erratic changes in SWR?", + "answers": [ + "Local thunderstorm", + "Loose connection in the antenna or feed line", + "Over-modulation", + "Overload from a strong local station" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the electrical difference between RG-58 and RG-213 coaxial cable?", + "answers": [ + "There is no significant difference between the two types", + "RG-58 cable has two shields", + "RG-213 cable has less loss at a given frequency", + "RG-58 cable can handle higher power levels" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following types of feed line has the lowest loss at VHF and UHF?", + "answers": [ + "50-ohm flexible coax", + "Multi-conductor unbalanced cable", + "Air-insulated hardline", + "75-ohm flexible coax" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is standing wave ratio (SWR)?", + "answers": [ + "A measure of how well a load is matched to a transmission line", + "The ratio of amplifier power output to input", + "The transmitter efficiency ratio", + "An indication of the quality of your station’s ground connection" + ], + "correct": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "subelement": 0, + "sections": [ + { + "section": "A", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following is a safety hazard of a 12-volt storage battery?", + "answers": [ + "Touching both terminals with the hands can cause electrical shock", + "Shorting the terminals can cause burns, fire, or an explosion", + "RF emissions from a nearby transmitter can cause the electrolyte to emit poison gas", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What health hazard is presented by electrical current flowing through the body?", + "answers": [ + "It may cause injury by heating tissue", + "It may disrupt the electrical functions of cells", + "It may cause involuntary muscle contractions", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "In the United States, what circuit does black wire insulation indicate in a three-wire 120 V cable?", + "answers": [ + "Neutral", + "Hot", + "Equipment ground", + "Black insulation is never used" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit?", + "answers": [ + "To prevent power supply ripple from damaging a component", + "To remove power in case of overload", + "To limit current to prevent shocks", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why should a 5-ampere fuse never be replaced with a 20-ampere fuse?", + "answers": [ + "The larger fuse would be likely to blow because it is rated for higher current", + "The power supply ripple would greatly increase", + "Excessive current could cause a fire", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is a good way to guard against electrical shock at your station?", + "answers": [ + "Use three-wire cords and plugs for all AC powered equipment", + "Connect all AC powered station equipment to a common safety ground", + "Install mechanical interlocks in high-voltage circuits", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Where should a lightning arrester be installed in a coaxial feed line?", + "answers": [ + "At the output connector of a transceiver", + "At the antenna feed point", + "At the ac power service panel", + "On a grounded panel near where feed lines enter the building" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Where should a fuse or circuit breaker be installed in a 120V AC power circuit?", + "answers": [ + "In series with the hot conductor only", + "In series with the hot and neutral conductors", + "In parallel with the hot conductor only", + "In parallel with the hot and neutral conductors" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What should be done to all external ground rods or earth connections?", + "answers": [ + "Waterproof them with silicone caulk or electrical tape", + "Keep them as far apart as possible", + "Bond them together with heavy wire or conductive strap", + "Tune them for resonance on the lowest frequency of operation" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What hazard is caused by charging or discharging a battery too quickly?", + "answers": [ + "Overheating or out-gassing", + "Excess output ripple", + "Half-wave rectification", + "Inverse memory effect" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What hazard exists in a power supply immediately after turning it off?", + "answers": [ + "Circulating currents in the dc filter", + "Leakage flux in the power transformer", + "Voltage transients from kickback diodes", + "Charge stored in filter capacitors" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring high voltages with a voltmeter?", + "answers": [ + "Ensure that the voltmeter has very low impedance", + "Ensure that the voltmeter and leads are rated for use at the voltages to be measured", + "Ensure that the circuit is grounded through the voltmeter", + "Ensure that the voltmeter is set to the correct frequency" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "B", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "Which of the following is good practice when installing ground wires on a tower for lightning protection?", + "answers": [ + "Put a drip loop in the ground connection to prevent water damage to the ground system", + "Make sure all ground wire bends are right angles", + "Ensure that connections are short and direct", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is required when climbing an antenna tower?", + "answers": [ + "Have sufficient training on safe tower climbing techniques", + "Use appropriate tie-off to the tower at all times", + "Always wear an approved climbing harness", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Under what circumstances is it safe to climb a tower without a helper or observer?", + "answers": [ + "When no electrical work is being performed", + "When no mechanical work is being performed", + "When the work being done is not more than 20 feet above the ground", + "Never" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an important safety precaution to observe when putting up an antenna tower?", + "answers": [ + "Wear a ground strap connected to your wrist at all times", + "Insulate the base of the tower to avoid lightning strikes", + "Look for and stay clear of any overhead electrical wires", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What is the purpose of a safety wire through a turnbuckle used to tension guy lines?", + "answers": [ + "Secure the guy line if the turnbuckle breaks", + "Prevent loosening of the turnbuckle from vibration", + "Provide a ground path for lightning strikes", + "Provide an ability to measure for proper tensioning" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "What is the minimum safe distance from a power line to allow when installing an antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Add the height of the antenna to the height of the power line and multiply by a factor of 1.5", + "The height of the power line above ground", + "1/2 wavelength at the operating frequency", + "Enough so that if the antenna falls, no part of it can come closer than 10 feet to the power wires" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an important safety rule to remember when using a crank-up tower?", + "answers": [ + "This type of tower must never be painted", + "This type of tower must never be grounded", + "This type of tower must not be climbed unless it is retracted, or mechanical safety locking devices have been installed", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which is a proper grounding method for a tower?", + "answers": [ + "A single four-foot ground rod, driven into the ground no more than 12 inches from the base", + "A ferrite-core RF choke connected between the tower and ground", + "A connection between the tower base and a cold water pipe", + "Separate eight-foot ground rods for each tower leg, bonded to the tower and each other" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why should you avoid attaching an antenna to a utility pole?", + "answers": [ + "The antenna will not work properly because of induced voltages", + "The 60 Hz radiations from the feed line may increase the SWR", + "The antenna could contact high-voltage power lines", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is true when installing grounding conductors used for lightning protection?", + "answers": [ + "Use only non-insulated wire", + "Wires must be carefully routed with precise right-angle bends", + "Sharp bends must be avoided", + "Common grounds must be avoided" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following establishes grounding requirements for an amateur radio tower or antenna?", + "answers": [ + "FCC Part 97 rules", + "Local electrical codes", + "FAA tower lighting regulations", + "UL recommended practices" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + }, + { + "section": "C", + "questions": [ + { + "question": "What type of radiation are radio signals?", + "answers": [ + "Gamma radiation", + "Ionizing radiation", + "Alpha radiation", + "Non-ionizing radiation" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "At which of the following frequencies does maximum permissible exposure have the lowest value?", + "answers": [ + "3.5 MHz", + "50 MHz", + "440 MHz", + "1296 MHz" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "How does the allowable power density for RF safety change if duty cycle changes from 100 percent to 50 percent?", + "answers": [ + "It increases by a factor of 3", + "It decreases by 50 percent", + "It increases by a factor of 2", + "There is no adjustment allowed for lower duty cycle" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "What factors affect the RF exposure of people near an amateur station antenna?", + "answers": [ + "Frequency and power level of the RF field", + "Distance from the antenna to a person", + "Radiation pattern of the antenna", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Why do exposure limits vary with frequency?", + "answers": [ + "Lower frequency RF fields have more energy than higher frequency fields", + "Lower frequency RF fields do not penetrate the human body", + "Higher frequency RF fields are transient in nature", + "The human body absorbs more RF energy at some frequencies than at others" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an acceptable method to determine whether your station complies with FCC RF exposure regulations?", + "answers": [ + "By calculation based on FCC OET Bulletin 65", + "By calculation based on computer modeling", + "By measurement of field strength using calibrated equipment", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 3 + }, + { + "question": "What hazard is created by touching an antenna during a transmission?", + "answers": [ + "Electrocution", + "RF burn to skin", + "Radiation poisoning", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following actions can reduce exposure to RF radiation?", + "answers": [ + "Relocate antennas", + "Relocate the transmitter", + "Increase the duty cycle", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "How can you make sure your station stays in compliance with RF safety regulations?", + "answers": [ + "By informing the FCC of any changes made in your station", + "By re-evaluating the station whenever an item in the transmitter or antenna system is changed", + "By making sure your antennas have low SWR", + "All these choices are correct" + ], + "correct": 1 + }, + { + "question": "Why is duty cycle one of the factors used to determine safe RF radiation exposure levels?", + "answers": [ + "It affects the average exposure to radiation", + "It affects the peak exposure to radiation", + "It takes into account the antenna feed line loss", + "It takes into account the thermal effects of the final amplifier" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "What is the definition of duty cycle during the averaging time for RF exposure?", + "answers": [ + "The difference between the lowest power output and the highest power output of a transmitter", + "The difference between the PEP and average power output of a transmitter", + "The percentage of time that a transmitter is transmitting", + "The percentage of time that a transmitter is not transmitting" + ], + "correct": 2 + }, + { + "question": "How does RF radiation differ from ionizing radiation (radioactivity)?", + "answers": [ + "RF radiation does not have sufficient energy to cause chemical changes in cells and damage DNA", + "RF radiation can only be detected with an RF dosimeter", + "RF radiation is limited in range to a few feet", + "RF radiation is perfectly safe" + ], + "correct": 0 + }, + { + "question": "Who is responsible for ensuring that no person is exposed to RF energy above the FCC exposure limits?", + "answers": [ + "The FCC", + "The station licensee", + "Anyone who is near an antenna", + "The local zoning board" + ], + "correct": 1 + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] +}